Jazz Music- The Roots Of Our Everyday Life Essays - Jazz Genres

Jazz Music- The Roots Of Our Everyday Life What is Jazz? According to the dictionary, jazz is defined as, A kind of syncopated, highly rhythmic music originated by Southern blacks in the late 19th century (Jazz 232). But, everyone should at least agree that jazz is the mother of all music, and is referred to as the only art form originating in the United States (History 101 2). America was home to immigrants from all over Europe and beyond who wished to build a new life, or just needed to escape from the old. These people, often thought of as second-class, brought their culture with them to America, expressed it musically, and changed the music world as we know it today. Most early jazz was played in small marching bands or by solo pianists. Besides ragtime and marches, the repertoire included hymns, spirituals, and blues. The bands played this music at picnics, weddings, parades, and funerals. Characteristically, the bands played hymns on the way to funerals and lively marches on the way back. Although blues and ragtime had arisen independently of jazz, and continued to exist alongside it, these genres influenced the style and forms of jazz and provided important vehicles for jazz improvisation. Around the turn of the 20th century, the earliest fully documented jazz style emerged, centered in New Orleans, Louisiana. This city is often called the cradle of jazz (History 101 3). In this style, the trumpet carried the melody, the clarinet played showy countermelodies, and the trombone played rhythmic slides and sounded the root notes of chords or simple harmony. Below this basic trio, the tuba or string bass provided a bass line and drums the rhythmic accompaniment. New Orleans jazz was just the beginning of an entire sweep across the county. The first true virtuoso soloist of jazz was Louis Armstrong. He was a dazzling improviser, technically, emotionally, and intellectually. He changed the format of jazz by bringing the soloist to the forefront, and in his recording groups, the Hot Five and the Hot Seven (Porter 2), demonstrated that jazz improvisation could go far beyond simply ornamenting the melody. He became the first well known male jazz singer, and also set standards for all later jazz singers, by creating scat singing: singing meaningless syllables instead of words, not unlike instrumental improvisation. During the 1920s, large groups of jazz musicians began to play together, forming the big bands that became so popular in the 1930s and early 1940s, (the swing era). The development of the big band can be majorly credited to the achievement of Duke Ellington and his revolutionary song, It Dont Mean a Thing If It Aint Got That Swing (Jazz Music 54). This soon became the new word for music played with a happy, relaxed beat. A new style also started in the early 1940s when a group of musicians started experimenting with more complicated chord patterns and melodic ideas. This group included trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie, alto saxophonist Charlie Parker, and pianists Thelonious Monk and Bud Powell. This new approach became known as bebop, or bop. Most bop musicians had exceptional techniques that enabled them to play long, dazzling phrases with many notes. In the 1940s and 1950s, jazz began to lose its reputation as a lowdown music, and gained acceptance among intellectuals and college students. Jazz concerts became popular. Duke Ellington and other big band leaders gave many concerts, and a group of improvising musicians made a series of nationwide tours called Jazz at the Philharmonic (Jazz Music 56). Jazz music was revolutionary and is still changing and improving, even today. The music world today would not be the same without the influence of these amazing and breathtaking musicians. Music Essays

Power and Corruption in Frank Kafka essays

Power and Corruption in Frank Kafka essays The Trial is, on the surface, the story of a man who works at a bank, Josef K., who wakes up one day to find that he is being charged on an unspecified charge. The story relates his court case, his attempts to prove his innocence, and his eventual death. K. is morally detached from his society but also knows how to play the social game very skilfully to maintain his total detachment from all social conventions and formalities. Under the surface, however, this rough seeming novel has deeper meanings. It is the story of an individuals struggle, against corruption, against a faceless and petty power, and against himself. Through all the events leading up to K.s death, much is said about the court he is on trial in, but little is explained. Kafka appeared quite contemptuous in his opinion of law and power. Throughout the novel, most of the characters speak of the law courts in an awed manner, but the reality that we see is very different. The Examining Magistrate spends his time during the trials reading pornographic novels, and Titorelli, the court painter, tells K. that none of the Judges are very important or intelligent at all, theyre just exceedingly vain. Kafka also writes of the law courts lack of concern about the public. When walking through the law courts, K. stumbles over a step that has been placed beyond a door. They dont show much consideration for the public, K. said. They show no consideration of any kind, replied the Law-Court Attendant. K. visits an Advocate, a man who through his influence with officials in the court, can manage to get their client acquitted. His advocate, Herr Huld, assures him that his case is moving forward satisfactorily, but K. is unsatisfied, and soon dismisses him to move forward on his own. The law court has a huge amount of power. They are able to, for incomprehensible reasons, charge any perso...

British Petroleum Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

British Petroleum - Research Paper Example With reference to the studies conducted by Vassiliou (2009), it is of essence to first note that British Petroleum (BP) is British multinational Oil and Gas Company, which has established its operations in over eighty countries across the World. Additionally, the company is ranked as the third largest energy company in the World and the fourth largest company in the word in terms of revenue earned. Norse and Amos (2010) in their writings stated that on the 20th of April 2010, there was an explosion at the coast of Louisiana, which originated from BP’s deep-sea petroleum rig that was used for drilling purposes. Following the explosion, the rig burnt down for more than thirty hours before it finally sank into the deep sea and during this time the hydrocarbons in the deep-sea oil reserve had started leaking onto the Gulf of Mexico and it took eighty-seven days to close the leak. According to Juhasv (2011), the accident at the deep sea caused the death of eleven people most of whom were employees of the company, and several people who were near the site of the accident suffered severe injuries. In addition, the oil spill resulted into one of the worst environmental pollution in the world history and it even caused certain illnesses that were related to the spill exposure to those who participated in the clean-up exercises and some of the residents of the gulf region. In regards to the company, it suffered huge economical expenses in the clean up and compensation exercises. This present research paper mainly seeks to analyze the communication strategy adopted by the company after the explosion and in what ways the company could improve its crisis communication strategies. According to Kotter (2012), when an organization is faced with any crisis, it is always important to communicate with all the stakeholders in order to maintain good relations with them. Equally, when BP was

The Big Thirst Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Big Thirst - Essay Example First, he claims that water is â€Å"unquestionably the most important substance in our lives... It is part of the â€Å"mystery of life and the routine of life† (2). This statement is true. The human body is composed of 50-60% of water, thus making water a mysterious substance that makes people survive for days even without food. Second, Fishman also enumerates the uses of water. According to him, people use water incessantly in their daily routine and important activities: to baptize children, digest food, quench thirst, feed animals, bathe, clean the dog, wash hands and dishes, cook, plant rice, fruits and vegetables, etc. These uses of water are commonly known. What is uncommon is the fact that water is also used to make bottled drinks, put up a concrete building, launch a spaceship, run electricity, make flat-screen TVs, set up MRI machines and Twitter accounts, produce iPhones and cars, etc. Meanwhile, five liters of water is also needed to produce two bottles of coke. As Fishman identifies these other important uses of water, his claims become more and more interesting and appealing to readers. Water has amazingly upheld the lives of people. It generally helps farmers sustain their farms and supply the need of people for food and beverages. Water in many parts of the world is accessible to farmers. However, in some countries like Australia, water seems to be scarce, thus there is great effort on the part of farmers to grow plants and harvest foods. Unfortunately, tons of water are required in some lands in order to turn a dry land into a fertile one. Often, people think that the secret of a farmer’s success is his ability to plant or his hi-tech farming tools and equipment but as Fishman points out, it is actually water that makes the harvest possible because without it or with very minimal water supply, the crops will not continue to grow. This thought resounds Fishman’s

The Australian Welfare State from 1945 to 1996 Essay

The Australian Welfare State from 1945 to 1996 - Essay Example An overview of the history shows the different changes that were taken place by different governments from 1945 to 1996. Furthermore, Post-World War period and then the starting of Vietnam War in 1962 also hindered progress for the country. However, the major change that can be outlined would be the social reforms that were being taken place by various governments. On the basis of that we can say, while income inequality fell in the 1950s, and a bit in the 1970s, it was high during 1980s and 1990s (Leigh, 2005). 1950s was considered a golden period for Australia. Along with positive reforms carried out by Menzie’s government, Australia was rising from the after-effects of World War II and the economic and political environment looked much better, soon after the Vietnam War started and the political scenario again disproved. So we can say the causes of income inequality in the region could be many. It was more like a case of one thing led to another. Let’s classify these into two major changes that became the basis of the rising disparity of income. 1. Political and Economic Distress: The main reason was the political turmoil the country was going through. This would include: †¢ The declining power of unions, †¢ Less progressive taxes and income redistribution, †¢ The rise of technology (both in reducing the number of lower-skill jobs and in increasing the incomes of higher skill ones). †¢ The increasing trend of Globalization. Globalization exacerbates income inequality (Gaston & Rajaguru, 2009).

Effect Of The Multiculturalism In Europe Politics Essay

Effect Of The Multiculturalism In Europe Politics Essay The establishment of nation-state political systems has always recognized the need for coherence between different cultures and the definition of a nation as territorially united groups. However, cultural differences pose a major threat to the continued unity of many European nation-states. The political demand for acknowledgement of cultural plurality by groups of citizens, especially those who consider themselves to be minorities culturally or ethnically, has grown due to increased interest in multiculturalism in recent years. When analyzed at both scholarly and public levels, the growth of demand for governments to recognize multiculturalism stems from two origins. The first one is based on liberal theories that perceive multiculturalism as a way of protecting individual and cultural rights through the recognition of cultural and ethnic plurality. Social and political agitators of pluralism seek to retain the definition of cultures as closed units and still hope to use the concept of cultural differences as to find solutions to inequalities both politically and socially. The second one is the origin of multiculturalism based on cultural relativism which is a liberal concept that proposes that nation-states have long ignored the fact that cultures are comprised of multiple relations that go beyond political boundaries and are intended to co-exist side by side.  [1]   However with the current rise in terrorism, decreasing relevance in civic and national identity, and the likelihood of some cultural practices being against the principles of liberal states, multiculturalism has become redundant. Liberal governments of the west are gradually finding themselves unable to keep on recognizing and upholding multiculturalism especially in concepts that call for special treatment for minorities and still retain equality for all citizens. The question is why has accommodation of multiculturalism in Europe changed over the past 20 years? Addressing the dilemma of implementing equality in pluri-cultural societies of liberal nation states of Europe, this paper argues and elaborates how multiculturalism become redundant by the liberal democratic western states. Definition of Multiculturalism In political philosophy, multiculturalism is a concept that basically addresses the most appropriate way of responding to diversity in culture and religion within the society. Multiculturalism goes beyond the simple act of tolerating group differences and seeks for the treatment of minority groups as citizens on an equal level with the majority group by recognizing and positively accommodating cultural or traditional differences through the recognition of group-differentiated rights (Kymlicka, 1995). These group-differentiated rights are espoused by minority groups for example people who are exempted from certain rules or laws due to their cultural or religious beliefs or those seeking for language accommodations in public institutions like schools or voting procedures.  [2]  The group-differentiated rights are also sought by indigenous groups or minority nations for the sake of self determination. This is parallel to nationalism. In its precise definition, multiculturalism is an umbrella term that involves moral and political recognition of disadvantaged and frequently discriminated groups like African Americans in the United States, women worldwide, and other groups like gays, and the disabled. However, multiculturalism theorists have always emphasized on immigrants of a country who make up ethnic or religious minorities because of their differences. Some examples of such groups include Muslims in most Western Europe countries and minority nations in some European countries like the Catalans, Romans and the Basque in Spain. Young (1990) identifies three aspects associated with multiculturalism. These are identity, difference, and recognition politics aimed at bringing back value to formerly disrespected identities and altering patterns of representation and communication that had previously marginalized minority groups.  [3]  The concept has also a lot to do with economic interests besides political motives. It is a platform used to remedy political and economic injustices that people claim to have suffered because they belong to a minority status. Blum (1992) differentiates antiracism and multiculturalism by stating that the former deals with victimization and resistance and the latter deals with cultural life, cultural expression, achievements, and the like (Blum, 1992, p. 14)  [4]  . Some of the accommodations sought by multiculturalists include exemptions from certain laws on religious grounds, special treatment in issues that the majority do unassisted, funding for language schools and associations, special quotas of representation in government bodies, recognition of their cultural codes and practices in the legal system, and some form of self government rights. Inability of the Liberal Democratic Western States to Recognize Multiculturalism Parvin (2009) gives a concise description of debate on multiculturalism and minority rights that begun in the 1990s and how this debate continues to raise important questions in matters concerning the role of the liberal states in citizenship and community.  [5]  From the 1970 to early 1990 was a period when many academics and public opinion drivers gave full support to multiculturalism as the way forward towards a more cohesive and tolerant Europe. It was a period when philosophical literature had gradually become multiculturalist as most of the western European states adopted multiculturalism in an attempt to include minority marginalized groups into the mainstream liberal culture. Multiculturalism was also seen as the only way to protect minority groups from undue pressures of the dominant cultures. As is expected with such philosophical movements that later become political issues, multiculturalism became a liberal political theory and is gradually losing recognition in most European governments. The causes of the waning recognition of multiculturalism by western European states range from crucial ambiguities associated with preferential treatment of minorities to extremist threats to security occasioned by terrorist activities perpetrated under the appearance of multiculturalism. The emergence of terrorist atrocities globally, increased anxieties over the decreased popularity of civic and national identities, and the potential for cultural recognition to pave way for practices that go against liberal principles have made many academics and policy makers to steer clear from everything associated with multiculturalism. It has now become apparent that most liberal European governments do not want to offer special treatment to cultural minorities. The emphasis has been shifted to promoting common bonds that unite rather than divide citizens of democratic states. This argument can best be understood through an analysis of philosophical literature about multiculturalism and the ch anges taking place in the political landscape in most European countries (Parvin, 2009)  [6]  . The rise in cases of terrorism, decreasing relevance in civic and national identity, and the likelihood of some cultural practices being against the principles of liberal states, have made multiculturalism redundant. Liberal governments of the west are gradually finding themselves unable to keep on recognizing and upholding multiculturalism especially in concepts that call for special treatment for minorities and still retain equality for all citizens.  [7]   There was a time when multiculturalism made sense in liberal democracies the world over. There was a mutual agreement between those involved in matters of liberal traditions on how a united Europe, and the whole world by extension, was supposed to look like and how it would best be politically portrayed. It was imperative to acknowledge the fact that every individual possessed the right to live a meaningful and appreciated life, have the freedom of expression, and be free from constraints of belief and activities imposed by other members of the society from the majority groups. It was also important to mutually agree that no group could claim to be morally significant or commanding more respect than others. The state was expected to uphold and protect the constitutional and legal rights of every member of the society and to ensure that all were treated justly. There was a broad consensus among libertarians and even liberal egalitarians on the importance of respecting individual freed om and equality. The aim was to make the world as free as possible from governmental interventions and impositions. The emergence of communism changed the way multiculturalism was perceived in liberal democratic states of the west. The impact of communism on multiculturalism can be traced to social theory theorists like Charles Taylor who came up with social thesis as a critique of liberal political theory.  [8]  Conservative thinkers on the other hand foresaw a break up of national unity and took steps to differentiate between the pursuit of self-respect through isolated individual cases and as minority groups bearing distinct identities. The conservative thinkers were of the opinion that the need for self respect should not be an individual pursuit but it should rather be a pursue for ties that bind the society together. Individualistic concerns were perceived as an impoverished conception of freedom (Parvin, 2009, p. 352)  [9]  . The debate over group versus individual recognition has become a major concern for political theorists and liberal thinkers as well. The importance of groups is seen in the role they play in shaping peoples identity and political affiliation. There have also been deliberative democrats, including Amy Gutmann and Joshua Cohen who propose that group diversity be accepted through a continuous process of deliberating over the policies and institutions that address citizen rights.  [10]   Minorities in most of Europe are declaring their position, and what was sparked off by a need for recognition by the Jewish community has generally spread to other groups which are marginalized because of their lifestyle, race or gender. The themes of the threats posed by the intense debate on mutliculuralism are worrying the majority populations in Europe. The main aim of policy over most of the last centuries have been to assert the position of the majority and their dominion over the minority groups. This segregation is worrying at the least and the culture of victimization is the main reason why the struggle for equality and multiculturalism is so powerful. The dying sentiment about multiculturalism in Europe is best exemplified by French President Nicholas Sarkozys expulsion of Romanian immigrants which was against the EU laws because Romania is an EU member. The action would have warranted the need to take action against Sarkozy but the EU simply turned a blind eye and did nothing. This implied that even the EU feels that the liberal states have reached a point where they can not afford to keep on giving special attention to minority groups in their countries. Modern philosophers so far agree on the fact that multiculturalism and political correctness are important elements in a liberal democracy. Just like the American Constitution guarantees freedom of speech, equality, and pursuit of happiness, the European Court of Human Rights forbids elected governments from interfering with principles aimed at bringing about progress to the citizens. Sarkozys expulsion of Romanian immigrants, and the EUs failure to take action, however shows the decreasing popularity of the European Court of Human Rights. This is mainly because of the dying appeal of advanced elite values that are unworkable. Most people would prefer to be their own judges of what is right and what is wrong. Politically correct liberal consensus is seen as naive and Marxist. In the Netherlands, Geert Wilders who heads the Dutch Nationalist party is known for calling on the government to evict Muslims because, as he alleges, they are destroying the country just on the basis of naive decrees from the European Court of Human Rights.  [11]   Liberal democratic nation-states of the west can longer afford multiculturalism when they address the question about how far they can continue to accommodate immigrants who do not make any attempts to accept their host countrys principles. In most European countries the reluctance of immigrants to weave into the social fabric by adopting the progressive principles poses a threat of disintegrating the society. The situation is even made worse when these immigrants go ahead to agitate for recognition of their cultures at the expense of progress. However governments in European countries are obligated to accept and integrate immigrants who come with different cultural principles and religions.  [12]   When equality is promised to immigrants it leads to a situation where they create resistance whenever they are excluded from welfare policies. This is because the immigrants perceive democratic values as a guarantee for equal representation in decision making processes. The problem comes in when this equality is not well defined leading to a situation where the demands for equality surpass democratic principles. The issue of multiculturalism is most clearly explained using Frasers analogy that the struggle for recognition and the spread of the resources as two mutually interconnected but distinct and irreducible paradigms of justice (Fraser 200, p.125)  [13]  . The two issues focus on two different things. Governments in most liberal nation states of the west today perceive the adoption of multiculturalism as an obstacle to their concerted efforts of forming universal standards of co-existence and integration with different cultures. This makes multiculturalism difficult to maintain in view of the fact nation states are formed and expect to maintain a single dominant culture. The contradicting positions that result from this debate have been developing over the years to an extent that most liberal nation states in Europe are opting to adopt a stand based on moral evaluation of cultural groups rather than cultural equity within a society. The question of cultural identity and recognition has become more complex as nation states start regarding and evaluating moral values of cultures they are supposed to accommodate. The only solution lies in addressing the issue without overemphasizing the importance of one culture over another and by concentrating on how different cultures can be integrated into the current social and public movements. Acceptances of Multiculturalism Most theorists agree on the fact that transnational migrations are gradually eroding the cultural composition of nation-states in the form of citizenship. Rights are being pursued on residency status rather than on citizenship making the distinction between citizen and alien statuses quite unclear. Primarily this is an issue with migrant, or in a politically correct name, guest workers in most liberal democratic countries of Western Europe. This is the first group that agitates for acceptance of multiculturalism. They were originally recruited during the labor shortages of the 1950s that stretched to the 1970s. Their descendants have continued to grow in population in Western Europe over the years even after the recruitment of guest laborers ceased. The termination of recruitment was occasioned by the 1973 oil crisis.  [14]  They have become permanent residents together with their spouses and children. Most of them have never sought for citizenship mainly because they have the sa me civil and social rights as the citizens of these countries and hence consider naturalization processes as a waste of time. They however lack political rights like full citizens. Blum (1992) differentiates antiracism and multiculturalism by stating that the former deals with victimization and resistance and the latter deals with cultural life, cultural expression, achievements, and the like (Blum, 1992, p. 14)  [15]  . Some of the accommodations sought by multiculturalists include exemptions from certain laws on religious grounds, preferential treatment in issues that the majority do unassisted, funding for language schools and associations, special quotas of representation in government bodies, recognition of their cultural codes and practices in the legal system, and some form of self government rights. The other group that supports multiculturalism is those who propose that the noncitizens deserve to be given those rights because they are entitled to universal rights of personhood as stipulated by the international human rights conventions. Proponents of multiculturalism further propose that these rights have a supremacy over national citizenship. Rights increasingly assume universality, legal uniformity, and abstractness, and are defined at the global level. Identities, in contrast, still express particularity and are conceived of as territorially bounded. As an identity, national citizenship . . . still prevails. But in terms of its translation into rights and privileges, it is no longer a significant construction (Soysal 1998, p. 208)  [16]  . Challenge of multiculturalism of citizenship on liberal democratic nation-states Multiculturalism poses a challenge to nation-states basically because of the fact that transnational migrations are gradually eroding the cultural composition of nation-states in the form of citizenship. Rights are being pursued on residency status rather than on citizenship making the distinction between citizen and alien statuses quite unclear. Multiculturalism goes against the foundation of nation-states of the west since most of them were formed by a single dominant culture and expect to maintain this status in order to effectively compete with other states. The contradicting positions that result from this debate have been developing over the years to an extent that most liberal nation states in Europe are opting to adopt a stand based on moral evaluation of cultural groups rather than cultural equity within a society.  [17]   When immigrants take collective action they end up eroding and transcending the nation-state boundaries. This happens against the background of advances in technology, international communication and means of travel which make it possible for immigrants to stay in touch with their homelands. Soysal (1998) sums the effects of transnational migration by stating that: In a world within which rights, and identities as rights, derive their legitimacy from discourses of universalistic personhood, the limits of nationness, or of national citizenship, for that matter, become inventively irrelevant (p. 210-211)  [18]  . . EU and the acceptance of multiculturalism The way forward in the acceptance of multiculturalism in Europe is in negotiating and transcending cultural differences politically. The current scenario is best described by Modood Werbner (1997) who state that the political theatre in which these cultural, ethnic, national and ideological differences must be negotiated is that of the so-called New Europe, a mass of land delimited by cultural and historical enmities and exclusions, frequently of the most barbaric kind (p. 261)  [19]  . Such an analysis is made necessary because, as Modood (1995) state: Critics of multiculturalism have argued à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ that the culture of multiculturalism is not the vital, gradually changing, creative, mimetic, unreflective, unbounded and hybrid culture that anthropologists study. It is a far more reified and politicised imagined entity, the object of representation by elected and self-appointed group spokespersons who stress its inviolability as a sacred domain of collective sovereignty. This assumption is what makes the negotiation of difference so difficult: finding common cultural and political grounds requires the pooling not only of political but also of cultural sovereignty, embodied in public respect for the symbols and values of the other, the incoming stranger with the promotion of anti-racism a central goal (p. 262)  [20]  . The growth of multiculturalism in Western Europe has not gone unchallenged. Most governments have taken steps to check on the development multiculturalism lest it seriously challenges the prerogatives of the nation states. However there is still more to be done especially on the common EU policies on migration and ethnic relations. These EU policies should be well coordinated with those of member states to oversee the necessary restrictions. A good example is the 1995 Schengen Accord that brought about a well coordinated system of implementing stricter controls on illegal immigrations. The 1992 Maastricht Treaty created a common system that could be used to give European citizenship to immigrants from other countries. This treaty offers a control on freedom of movement and the rights of residence in EU member states. Goodwin-Gill (1985) describes these treaties by stating that: Their generality accommodates many shades of opinion, and what really counts is how the scheme of protection is worked out at the local level, particularly with regard to subsidiary rights and procedural guarantees. . . . Even under the European Convention on Human Rights the jurisprudence adopted . . . and the interpretation of civil rights has sanctioned serious limitations upon non nationals entitlement to substantive and procedural due process. Deportation, termination of a residence permit, and the grant or refusal of entry, have all been found by the European Commission not to involve civil rights (p. 566-68)  [21]   It is hard to determine how immigrants and minority dispute a liberated nation and state as it is required by an integrated nationality.  [22]  When comparing this aspect between German and Britain in the early 1990 we find that it is unenthusiastic in the sense that the immigrants and the other cultural minorities challenge as liberated nation. It is clear that the being identified by the nation and state one come from is very important. Being identified by the state and the nation a person comes from is relatively crucial to an individual particularly the immigrants and the cultural minority people. A good example of the minority demands to be identified by their country of origin and location of origin is the Kosovo Albanians in German. Despite being the immigrants and staying in German for many years and acquired the citizenship of the country. Their demand to be identified as natives of their original country still stands. They feel as if they do not belong anywhere that is they cannot be identified as Germans at the same time they are immigrant in Germany. This confusion has attributed to the demands for an allocation of a state where they could identify themselves with. This according to the Albanians will give them a haven to be identified with.  [23]   These particular groups have backing up motives to their claims, for instance the Albanians claims to have an upper hand in the building of Germany. They claim to have a say in the country and therefore the need to be identified not only as immigrants but Kosovo nationality immigrants. By their reorganization, the immigrants will acquire a more legal way to contribute to the building of the inhabited country.  [24]   In German it has been seen that the immigrants have gone to the extent of interfering with the politics of the country. They amount to the biggest group of people who fail to vote in any election. This interference has brought to delays in passing of motions and the general integration of the country. This is one of the factors that has led to failure on growth of many European countries particularly German. Majority of the immigrants and minority cultures contribute little or nothing to the growth of the country yet claim to be recognized. . Conclusion Multiculturalism when taken positively is a good concept as it leads to moral and political recognition of disadvantaged and frequently discriminated groups like African Americans in the United States, women worldwide, and other groups like gays, and the disabled. Europe should continue to accommodate issues of pluri-cultural equality. There will always be challenges in every imaginable form from increase in terrorism to decreased relevance of civic and national identity but the liberal governments of the west should find ways to cope with the demands of multiculturalism instead of closing their doors to other cultures.

The Benefits of Our Government Essay -- Governmental Politics Economic

The Benefits of Our Government The monstrous nature of government is evident to the everyday citizen. It is monstrous to oppress the poor and minorities and it is certainly monstrous to declare war on another country and inflict pain and suffering on its people. Yet it is also obvious to the every day citizen that government is necessary to preserve order. Without law or law enforcement, criminals would roam the streets and wreak havoc. Without a military, other countries would invade us violently. Thus, government is a monstrous institution that preserves order in a potentially horrific manner. Government has a tendency to become monstrous in two ways. One is that it needs to maintain order within the country, which often comes at the expense of the environment and the lower classes. The other way that government has a tendency to act monstrously is toward other governments in a struggle for world power. The desire for world power is a form of mimetic desire that causes countries to commit monstrous acts toward each other in order to gain or preserve status in the world. Monsters of myths are chaotic, yet necessary for order. An analysis of them in myths such as Enumu elish reveals that the monsters symbolize the monstrous nature that governments take on to fulfill their duty to preserve order. Without chaos monsters to sacrifice, order would never prevail over chaos. Similarly, without government to order society and protect its citizens from chaos, there would be war as a result of selfish desires. Thus, we are faced with the inevitability of living under a corrupt and monstrous government. Ritual serves as a reminder that the monster exists, and ritual sacrifice reminds us that monsters are quite freq... ... monstrous government, and it is up to us as individuals to reap those benefits and create a better world. It is absolutely necessary that people understand the nature of a monstrous government. It does have a tendency to become too monstrous by becoming overly aggressive in the process of preserving power. However, the order it provides is essential to the development of a sound community. It also provides the opportunity for citizens to take the world into their own hands. The more people volunteer in their community and support human rights groups such as Amnesty International, the less harm our benefits of monstrous government causes for others. Therefore, out of appreciation for receiving the benefits of our monstrous government, I encourage every individual to strive to make a difference in the world. Amnesty International Website: www.amnesty.org/

Audit Working Paper Checklist

AUDIT WORKING PAPER CHECK LIST 1. Appointment Letter 2. Management Representation 3. Cash Certificate 4. Final Trial Balance 5. Draft Financial Statements. 6. Bank Reconciliation and Bank Statements at the year end and month following the balance sheet date. 7. Photocopy of Challan for Deposit of Statutory Dues outstanding at the year end. 8. Photocopies Challan for deposit of Labour Dues. 9. Evidence for Exchange rate adopted for translation at the close of the year. 10. Photocopy of Bills evidencing additions to Fixed Assets with ledger prints outs. 1. Quantitative details of Raw material Work in progress and Finished Goods stock and certificate of Physical verification and stock on hand. 12. Ledger print out of inventory quantities at year end. 13. Excise Duty rates of finished goods adopted for valuation of stock. 14. Photocopy of TDS returns with annexure 15. Photocopy of Excise return with annexure 16. Photocopy of Service Tax Return. 17. Photocopy of Advance Tax /FBT Challan/T DS Certificates 18. Confirmation of Loans Outstanding. 19. Confirmations – Debtors Creditors advances. 0. Ledger print of unsecured loans. 21. Ledger print out of ESI/PF recoveries and deposits. 22. Certificate of Actuarial Valuations for retirement and long term benefit provisions. 23. Ledger print of Cenvat credits. 24. Reconciliation of Excise/ Cenvat as per Excise and Financial records. 25. Worksheet for valuation of raw and finished stock. With photocopy of last bills if on FIFO Basis 26. In case of working capital limits copies loan sanction letters 27. Evidence for payment of Bonus out standing. 8. Details of Provisions made at the year end with copies of bills 29. Photocopies of Fixed deposit receipts outstanding. 30. Note on reasons for significant variation in Income and Expense head wise. 31. Details of Foreign currency Asset and Liabilites 32. Details of Forward contracts in foreign currency outstanding 33. Details any offices opened out of India In case of Corpor ate Entities following additional Documents required 1. Copy of resolution for increase in authorized capital if any. 2.Copy forms filed for increase in authorized capital. 3. Copy of return of allotment in case increase in paid up share capital. 4. In case of working capital limits copies loan sanction letter and copy of form 8 & 13 5. Certificate as to occurrences of any fraud during the year. 6. Photocopy of Advance Tax /FBT /Dividend Tax /wealth tax challan/TDS Certificates 7. Copy of annual return filed under companies Act. 8. Confirmation as to change in shareholding as on date of balance sheet in relation to previous year 9.List of debtors with debtors outstanding for more than six months. 10. List of related party with details of transaction 11. Copy of Actuarial Valuation report with details of assumptions. 12. Quantitative details of Purchase sale and stock as per schedule VI 13. Expenditure and Income in Foreign Currency 14. Details of Managerial Remuneration. 15. Details of Payment made to Auditors 16. Details of Book value and market Values in case of investments 17. Audited Balance sheet and report of Subsidiary associates and Joint venture companies.

The Evolution of Tv Essay Example

The Evolution of Tv Essay Example The Evolution of Tv Essay The Evolution of Tv Essay The Evolution of Television Introduction Television is one of the most valuable contributions of the scientists in the last century. The worlds first real television picture was produced by a Scottish inventor called John Logie Baird in 19251. It was nearly a hundred years to the first television appears, television has evolved a lot in appearances and functions. Darwin’s theory suggests that the variation among living organisms and the evolution of a species is caused by the theory of natural selection. As a non-living organism, the development of television is similar to the evolution of living species which obeying the Darwin’s theory of Evolution. This theory suggests that there are five characteristics in every biological life including reproductive potential, constancy of numbers, struggle for existence, individual difference and inheritance of traits. This essay is going to discuss the development of television in the past one hundred years and how it demonstrates the evolution theory of Darwin. The Evolution process of Television A historian Arnold Abramson said that â€Å"No one person invented television; most of the inventors were ahead of their time and technology; some were idle dreamers, others were practical men who could turn their ideas into machinery. † Many scientists and engineers contributed to the evolution of television theoretically or practically. The process will present in timeline below. Pre 1900In 1884, Paul Nipkow invented a rotating- disc technology using in the transmission of images over wires2. Before 1900, the focus of television development is mainly on the theory; most of them cannot turn into machine due to the restriction of technology. 1900 The term â€Å"television’’ invented by Constantin Perskyi and the first television showed at 1900 Paris Exhibition2. 1906 The first working mechanical television system is invented by Boris Rosing by combining the Paul Nipkows rotating disks and the cathode ray tube invented by Lee de Forest4. 1907 Campbell Swinton and Boris Rosing develop electronic scanning method simultaneously in the same year on their own. This method can transmit and reproduce images y cathode ray tube. 1925 John Logie Baird used a mechanical system based on Paul Nipkows rotating disks to transmit moving silhouette images 4 called â€Å"Stooky Bill’’5 (image on the right). 1926 John Logie Baird applied patent for his â€Å"Phonovision† which is using the phonograph disc to record and reproduce the TV images on 78rpm. In t he same year, he demonstrated his â€Å"Noctovision† which is using infrared rays and UV rays in light place to see the images in the dark2. 1926 Kenjiro Takayanagi successfully reproduced and displayed the image send from distance place wirelessly2. 927 John Logie Baird applied patent for his new system of recording television signal by using magnetic disc2. And Philo Farnsworth applied for a patent on his electronic television system called the Image Dissector which can transmit electronic moving picture4. 1927 In this year, there were many trials on long distance transmission on wireless or cable method by different scientists like Baird, ATT’s Bell Labs etc2. 1928 The first TV station is set up in New York called Station W2XBS to broadcast mechanical television. And Vladimir Zworykin received the patent for his all- electronic color television2. 1932 A 120-line electronic TV system was demonstrated by RCA2. 1935 An England company EMI successfully developed a full set electronic TV system with resolution of 405-line and 25 frames per second2. 1936 The first public high- definition service with 405 lines started in London provided by BBC2. 1939 TV was displayed at the New York World’s Fair and San Francisco Golden Gate International Exposition4. 1940 Peter Goldmark announced the invention of color TV system with resolution of 343-lines4. Between the Second World War Only limited broadcasting continued in a few cities and for a few hours a week. And all commercial TV products were banned throughout the war years3. 1946 Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley successfully invented the transistor at Bell Labs2. 1946 The first TV broadcasting using coaxial cable is transmitted from New York to Washington D. C. 1948 Television was bought into rural areas in Pennsylvania by introducing the cable TV4. 1951 The FCC approved the CBS’s color transmission system as the US color television standard. ,4 1952 The cable television system began in US2. 1953 The color television system approved in 1951 was reversed by FCC and approved the RCA/NTSC color system to replace2. 1954 The first national color broadcast was launched in US2. 1955 Eugene Polley invented the first remote control to control the television with light2. 1956The world’s first all-color television station is established in Chicago called WNBQ 2. 1960 Broadcast of the first split screen in the Nixon-Kennedy debates4. 1961 The first telecommunications satellite was launched by NASA to transmit the radio signals2. 968 US space capsule Apollo 7 sent the first live network transmission of television images. 1972 The first transmission of space television signal is received by the color TV2 1973 There is regular television broadcasting service in 96 countries2. Phylogeny of television Although television is a non-living organism, its evolution process can be also represented as a phylogeny. Variations among television The variations of different parts of television also obey the Darwin’s theorem of survival of the fittest. The appearance, resolutions, display methods and broadcasting ways has evolved a lot in the last century. Size and resolution As the electronic components become smaller and smaller, the thickness of television becomes thinner. The thickness of latest model of LCD TV is already developed to less than 10 mm which has a large difference to the large ‘‘black box’’ in the past. And the size of screen also changes from 2†x3† screen in 19273 to 47-inch LCD display nowadays. For resolution, the picture quality improved from using 50-line pictures and transmitted at 18 frames per second3 to 1080p or 1080i display which means there are 1080 lines will be scanned progressively or interlaced in an image. Display methods At the early stage of the television development, cathode ray tube is used to display images. Cathode ray tube creates images by collide an electron beam onto a fluorescent screen in a vacuum tube to emit light. As the audiences seek for the clearer and better quality of images, the cathode ray tube display in television is gradually substituted by plasma display or LCD. Nowadays, plasma display and LCD are widely used in the world. Plasma display make use of millions of tiny ‘‘bulbs’’ or ‘‘cells’’ holding some noble gases and minuscule amount of mercury with phosphor painted on the inner wall of the cell between two panels of glass. By applying voltage across the cell, different colors of visible light can be observed due to the type of phosphors used. And liquid crystal display (LCD) is an optical device similar to cathode ray tube which made up of pixels filled with liquid crystals (LCs) and arrayed in front of light source or reflector to produced color images. Cathode ray tube Liquid Crystal Display(LCD) Plasma display  ©2000 How Stuff Works  ©2009 How Stuff Works  ©2007 Jari Laamanen Broadcasting methods Analogue broadcasting is used in the past few decades, snowing and ghosting sometimes appear. Nowadays, digital broadcasting is used in many countries which use digital data to transmit television signal instead of continuous waveform used in analogue broadcasting. So the fidelity of signal transmitted or received will be greatly increased. Reproductive potential After the invention of television, it brings a great influence in the lifestyle of the people. Nowadays, television becomes one of the essential electric equipments in a house. As the technology changes with each passing day, better image quality, larger screen and thinner television will be developed in the future. For those who have passion for new technology products, they will change their television time by time. Also, the LCD and plasma televisions are gradually replaced the cathode ray tube televisions in the future. According to an American research company, the number of television sets produced in the world in 2010 predicts to be over two thousands millions7. So this reflects that there is a constant demand of new and better quality of television sets and hence the productive potential of television is high. Constancy of Numbers Nowadays, television becomes one of the major entertainments in our life. Take US as an example, over 99% of family has at least one television set in their home8. The number of television set is fluctuating in small extend throughout this decade as television become a common and important entertainment of the people. And the life-span of television of a television can be as long as 10years so that the change rate of television will not as frequent as other electric equipment like lamp, cooker etc. Thus, the rate of elimination and rate of production is quite near to each other and keep a constant number of televisions. Struggle for existence Every living organism struggles or existence with other species or even within their species obeying Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest. Although television is a non-living organism, it also has the same character with the biological species which is struggling for existence. In an affluent world nowadays, there are many different types of entertainments like computer, video games etc. Television needs to improve continuously in their appearances, function and the quality of TV programs in order to compete with all these entertainments so that it will not weed out by others. Television is not only struggling for existence with other entertainments, there is also competition within the species; people are always perusing better quality of images, larger screen and thinner television. So, according to the theory of neutral selection, those televisions with poorer function or lower quality in images such as cathode ray tube television are slowly eliminated. This fact is reflected by the descending trend in number of CRT television produced in this decade. This process is similar to the character of living organism that they are struggling for existence. Individual Differences There is variation within a species. Individuals are not exactly the same with each other, they will have some traits which can help them to have better chance to survive or reproduce offspring. Television also shows this point. In term of appearance, function and resolution, there are slightly difference among televisions. For example, some televisions can receive digital signal while some are receiving analogue signal to produce images. And the resolution of image also varies from television to television, some of them using 1080i or 1080p to scan the images; however some of them are still using 720p as the scanning method. There are still many different parts between televisions which have mentions in the former part of â€Å"variations among television†. Inheritance of Trials Although there are some individual differences among televisions, the aim of television is still the same- to produce image on to the TV screen so that the underlying principle of television is still the same. And this character is also as same as those living organism which have inheritable trials. Those trials which favor their chance of survive will preserve to their offspring. For television, no matter how the difference in their appearance, the underlying principle to produce image is still inheritable in TV. In CRT television, plasma television and LCD television, phosphor is used to coat the surface of screen or cells. Then when it is collided by electron beam or voltage is applied across the phosphor, it will produce the three primary colors which are red, green and blue. This principle of produce light to form images is the same in different types of television which is the inheritable trial of TV. Conclusion Darwin’s theory of evolution can apply on any living organisms. However, television also shows the five characters suggested in Darwin’s theory of evolution and it has a similar evolution process as a biological species. As all living species, television is still undergoing the evolution process and it will become closer to perfect as the evolution continues. References 1. MZTV Museum of Television, Exhibits: Pioneers [Internet] mztv. com/mz. asp Assessed: 20th October 2010 2. MZTV Museum of Television, Exhibits: Timeline [Internet] ztv. com/mz. asp Assessed: 20th October 2010 3. Television History-The First 75 Years, Timeline [Internet] [cited 9-April-2001] Available from: tvhistory. tv/timeline2. htm Assessed: 20th October 2010 4. Bellis M. ,â€Å" The invention of TV †[Internet] . 2010. Available from: http://inventors. about. com/od/tstartinventions/a/Television_Time_2. htm 5. Hall D. , Stooky Bill TV [Internet] 2008. Available from: http://vads. ahds. ac. uk/large. php? pic=du0008;cmd=advsearch;page=10;mode=boolean;words=fineart. ac. k;field=all;oper=or;idSearch=boolean;FA=1;vadscoll=fineart. ac. uk Assessed: 20th October 2010 6. Brain M. ,How Television Works   [Internet][cited 26 November 2006]   Available from: http://electronics. howstuffworks. com/tv3. htm# Assessed: 22th October 2010 7. Businesstimes  [Internet][cited 25th March 2010]  Available from: businesstimes. com. hk/a-20100325-62573/20100325014 Assessed: 22th October 2010 8. Television ; Health [Internet] 2007 Available from: csun. edu/~vceed002/health/docs/tv;health. html#tv_stats Assessed: 22th October 2010

Ethnicity and Aging essays

Ethnicity and Aging essays The number of older Americans has increased more than ten-fold since 1900, when there were 3 million people age 65 or older or 4 percent of the total population. In 2011, the "baby boom" generation will begin to turn 65, and by 2030, it is projected that one in five people will be age 65 or older. The size of the older population is projected to double over the next 30 years, growing to 70 million by 2030. The population age 85 and older is currently the fastest growing segment of the elderly. In 2000, an estimated 2 percent of the population is over 85. By 2050, the percentage in this age group is projected to increase to almost 5 percent of the United States population. This change in the population has affected every aspect of American society, presenting challenges as well as opportunities to policymakers, families, businesses and healthcare providers. In addition, as the older population grows larger, it is also becoming more diverse, reflecting the demographic changes in the United States population as a whole over the past century. Over the next 50 years, programs and services for the older population will require greater flexibility to meet the demands of a diverse and changing population. As a result, the research being conducted by social scientists and healthcare workers on different ethnic groups and the aging will be even more beneficial in the future. The hope is to make life for the elderly as positive as possible. The more that is known about their individual needs, the better it will be for all of them. For example, a number of studies have found that nutrition as well as nutritional needs vary in ethnicities. Bartholomew, Young, Martin and (1990) conducted a dietary study of elderly Mexican Americans and non- Hispanic whites because of the higher incidence of diabetes and infectious diseases in the former. They assessed 252 low-income individuals age 60 ...

Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs - Assignment Example Maslow (1943) argues that when the needs of an individual are fulfilled, people seek to fulfill the next one. The most widespread version of Maslow hierarchy of needs which was also the earliest depicted five motivational needs which include physiological needs, safety, love, self-esteem and growth needs. One of the notable aspects that make it easier to criticize the issues of motivational theory other than to remedy them is due to lack of sound data that would enhance comparison. According to Maslow’s hierarchy, the so called physiological needs act as the starting point of motivation theory. With the increased research, the notion of physiological needs has undergone revision by including concept of homeostasis and noting that appetites indicates actual needs of the body. Despite the need to fulfill the needs to fulfill the next need as shown by Maslow, it is clear that physiological needs are major motivating factor than any other. Even though adults are the covered by the motivation theory, safety needs are more depicted by infants. Maslow (1943) argues that an average child prefers safe, orderly, predictable and organized world. Additionally, such a child does not expect dangerous and unmanageable things to happen to him or her. Another aspect covered by Maslow and which has impact on performance of individual is need. If safety and physiological needs are properly gratified, Maslow indicates that love and belonging needs will emerge and the whole cycle will repeat itself.

Employee Reinstatement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Employee Reinstatement - Essay Example Asthmatic Oshawa, an employee in the Ontario automotive parts manufacturing plant is an example of employee dissatisfaction. The employer never met the terms and conditions agreed in the employer-employee contract. I do not agree with the employer’s decision of firing the employee regardless of the medical evidence. The grievor’s doctor records said that the employee could return to work although careful measures were necessary to avoid reinjures. The employer could return him to work and make sure that his working environment is safe from those factors that could facilitate worsening of his condition; for example, ensuring effective ventilation and clean air, inspection in the working environment to ensure everything is all right. This will avoid putting the health of the employee and others at risk. The employer should allow the employees to make their own decision in resigning or returning to work. The employer must take the responsibility because it is simply ethical and the right thing to do. The decision of firing the employee will have negative implications for the organization and other employees. It will destroy the corporate image of the organization in the society and this will directly affect the market. This is by scaring away its customers and its stakeholders. In addition, the unethical action can affect the other employees by discouraging their efforts. This will reflect directly on the organization’s production.