Landforms on the earth’s surface

The Earth's surface can be portrayed as being unpleasant or smooth. Different geographical procedures continually rebuild the earth’s surface. Some land forms, for example, those that make mountains or wear them out, normally occur at vague rates. Abrupt occasions, be that as it may, can change the scene in a moment. Paces of these geographical procedures differ. Every mainland has its individual plan of landforms, however similitudes do exist. For instance, high mountain ranges are situated along the western sides of both North and South America, since the two landmasses make up fundamentally one land mass. A landform involves a geomorphologic unit. Landforms are ordered by qualities, for example, height, slant, direction, definition, rock presentation, and soil type. Landforms by name incorporate hills, slopes, precipices, valleys, etc. Various components, extending from plate tectonics to disintegration and testimony can produce and influence landforms. In this article, I have picked Rift Valley. A crack valley is a valley made by the arrangement of a fracture. Crack valleys are delivered by tensional structural powers, which happen at dissimilar plate limits. Dreadful desert and rich farmland, level dry fields and steep ledges describe today’s Rift Valley. Somewhere in the range of 20 million years prior, the world's outside layer debilitated and destroyed itself making a rough fracture, a great many kilometers long, over the African mainland. The land on either side emitted making extraordinary volcanic mountains, while the valley floor progressively sank into a low level plain. This geologic wonder, named the Great Rift Valley by the Scottish pioneer John Walter Gregory, partitions Kenya conveniently down the length of the nation basically isolating east from west. Africa's Great Rift Valley is a 6,000-mile break (crevice) in the world's outside, extending from Lebanon to Mozambique. Geologists realize that brutal underground powers that destroyed the earth’s outside layer shaped the Rift Valley. These powers made tremendous pieces of the hull sink between equal separation points and power up liquid stone in volcanic emissions. Proof that this procedure, called breaking, is still in progress originates from the numerous dynamic and semi-dynamic volcanoes, situated along the Rift. The Cenozoic break arrangement of Eastern Africa reaches out from the Afar Depression in the north to past Lake Malawi in the south, a separation of around 5600 km. Near the Equator it is comprised of eastern and western fractures to either side of the Lake Victoria Basin. The most broad break valley is situated along the peak of the mid-sea edge framework and is the consequence of ocean bottom spreading. Existing mainland crack valleys are normally the consequence of a bombed arm (aulacogen) of a triple intersection. Models other than the Great Rift Valley incorporate the Mississippi embayment and the Rio Grande Rift in North America. In certain spots this normal partition is up to 100 km (60 miles) wide, while it arrives at its tightest point only north of Nairobi at 45 km wide. The valley floor is at its most reduced close to Lake Turkana where there is essentially no qualification between the Great Rift and the encompassing desert. As it travels south, in any case, the valley dividers structure sheer bluffs ascending to 1,900 km (6,232 ft) at Lake Naivasha. After Naivasha, the valley plunges again to 580 meters (1,902 feet) at the Tanzanian fringe. Underground development is normal today as the Rift Valley is home to thirty dynamic and semi-dynamic volcanoes and incalculable natural aquifers along its length. This string of soluble lakes and bubbling springs northwest of Nairobi incorporates Lake Baringo, Lake Bogoria, Lake Nakuru, Lake Elementaita, Lake Naivasha, and Lake Magadi in the south. These lakes are one of a kind on the grounds that their water is profoundly focused sodium carbonate. This circumstance is brought about by the high alkalinity from the encompassing volcanic rocks combined with poor waste outlets because of the lofty sides of the valley. The high vanishing of the surface lake water brings about sodium carbonate, which, thusly, makes a perfect rearing ground for green growth. A few types of fish, tilapia specifically, flourishes in this condition. Subsequently, a huge number of flying creatures run to these soft drink lakes to devour the bountiful food gracefully of green growth and fish. Every one of the lakes in the Rift Valley string has a somewhat unique water arrangement running. The development of the Rift Valley proceeds, presumably determined by mantle crest and at last a consequence of the African supers well. The related geothermal action and spreading at the crack has made the lithosphere meager from a common 100 km thickness for landmasses to a minor 20 km. Inside two or three million years, the lithosphere may burst and eastern Africa will separate to shape another landmass. In the case of spreading proceeds, this will prompt the development of another mid-sea edge. The Ol Doinyo Lengai fountain of liquid magma stays dynamic, and is as of now the main natrocarbonatite spring of gushing lava on the planet. The Rift Valley has been a rich wellspring of anthropological disclosure, particularly in a zone known as Piedmont. Since the quickly disintegrating good countries have filled the valley with dregs, an ideal situation for the protection of remains has been made. The bones of a few primate predecessors of present day people have been found there, including those of â€Å"Lucy†, an almost complete australopithecine skeleton, which was found by anthropologist Donald Johanson. Richard and Meave Leakey have likewise accomplished huge work in this district. References: 1)Geography. (2006). In Britannica Student Encyclopedia. Recovered July 4, 2006, from Encyclopã ¦dia Britannica Premium Service: http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-201425. 2)The Physical Geography of Africa.W. M. Adams †editorial manager, A. S. Goudie †editorial manager, A. R. Orme †manager. Distributer: Oxford University Press. Spot of Publication: Oxford. Distribution Year: 1999. Page Number: 18. 3)Population and Energy: A Systems Analysis of Resource Utilization in the Dominican Republic. Donors: Gustavo A. Antonini †creator, Katherine Carter Ewel †creator, Howard M. Tupper †creator. Distributer: Florida Presses. Spot of Publication: Gainesville. Distribution Year: 1975.     Â

Education and Learning in Clinical Contexts PG

Question: Depict about the Education and Learning in Clinical Contexts PG. Answer: Presentation: As examined by Glisson et al. (2016), the term clinical training alludes to the preparation gave to the experts which includes aptitudes and commonsense arranged guidance under the direction and management of specialists or gifted professionals. Compelling preparing is given to set up the clinical instructors so that thus they can bolster the association they are utilized in and furthermore gave so as to oversee the pre-administration field encounters of the understudies. As indicated by Eberhart et al. (2015), the disturbing mortality and grimness in the human services framework some of the time worries about the expert competency of the social insurance experts. In this way, such complex issues identified with general wellbeing must be understood through appropriate instruction so the experts become equipped for giving safe patient consideration. The principle target of such clinical instruction program is to help in the development of educational plans, employing of qualified and gifted personnel and pick the learning encounters for the understudy who are a piece of this program. Emotional well-being is a difficult area which manages mental parts of the human conduct and the different issue identified with human brain research. Human cerebrum is a perplexing substance which requires parcel of exertion to comprehend Meek et al. (2016). Along these lines, appropriate clinical preparing or training dependent on this field is significant. Wellbeing experts should be talented and successful while treating mental patients while the overall population ought to likewise know about the mental parts of individuals and its outcomes. This report will feature the substance of a psychological wellness instructive program that is explicit for the nursing experts and will likewise show the different hypotheses identified with the clinical training while at the same time building up the clinical training program (Lorig et al., 2014). Prerequisites: As expressed by Glisson et al. (2016), each individual encounters critical worries in their lives because of training, relationship, work pressure, organic changes and cultural aggravations. Confirmations mirror the way that few people show social and scholastic challenges and can't adapt up to the pressure that they experience. For instance, right around one out each five youngsters and teenagers face enthusiastic and conduct issue sooner or later in their young age, paying little mind to their area, age and financial foundation. Such circumstance can be a noteworthy reason for incessant state of mind. This ought to be appropriately tended to by the medicinal services experts with the goal that the clinical treatment can be compelling as opposed to crumbling of the mental condition because of ineptitude in the clinical field. As talked about by Meek et al. (2016), a model system for a far reaching approach towards emotional wellness avoidance, advancement and treatment is required u pheld by proof based investigation. Subsequently, clinical instruction created for the nursing experts in the field of emotional wellness can be a fruitful method of viably treating the patients with mental clutters (Beronio et al., 2014). The fundamental reason for this emotional wellness program is to reinforce the field of clinical field and capabilities of the nursing understudies. As per Zainal et al. (2013), emotional well-being is the fundamental driver of long haul work lack of ability just as the purpose behind ailment nonattendance. Studies uncover the way that the effects profitability, worker resolve and hierarchical help and quality (Beronio et al., 2014). Thusly, this instructive program would concentrate on comprehension of the different kinds, reasons and results of emotional wellness not exclusively to treat the patient yet in addition to comprehend the state of mind among representatives. As expressed by Slade et al. (2014), the student bunch who are focused for this program would be the nursing experts. The explanation behind choosing them as the students is that medical attendants experience a great deal of weight during their working hours. Their own issues consolidate with the wellbeing entangleme nts of the patients. This may cause mental aggravations, for example, consume outs or may likewise influence the clinical treatment gave to the patients. Along these lines, an instructive program dependent on psychological wellness may give them the information and comprehension of adapting to outrageous circumstances. The primary focal point of this program will be as per the following: Authoritative versatility Prosperity in the work region Individual flexibility Offering help Association administration improvement (Lamont Brunero, 2013). The program would be a situation focused program which will endeavor to upgrade the capacity of the instructor, medical caretakers and furthermore other care staff so they can manage explicit regions, for example, passionate and conduct pressure which they experience in consistently. The program would include the nursing experts and it will be overseen and facilitated by the supervisory group of the social insurance segment for the mindfulness introduction. The accomplices would include clinicians, mental and other social organization delegates. The directing gauges built for this program would include two separate principles. The program standard would include: In a clinical program, an away from of guidelines and objectives for the understudies ought to be accustomed to realize change. An educational plan structure ought to be utilized as a guide for the determination and advancement of units of the psychological wellness study. Educating ought to be reliable and in understanding to the educational program structure. The appraisal guidelines ought to be lined up with the program targets and understudy desires. Emotionally supportive networks ought to be officially or casually lined up with the educators and understudies desire. Duties ought to be unmistakably characterized (Wheeler et al., 2013). For this program the teacher required would be explicit for the nursing experts. Medical caretaker instructors are authorized enlisted attendants. As per Beronio et al. (2014), the instructors would be liable for creating and mental organizing educational plans which address the issue of the interest of the psychological wellness program. The teachers should assume a significant job in the oversight of the nursing understudies. The instructor ought to be engaged with clinical educating as per the educational plan structured. They should utilize powerful instruments and style of instructing so as to teach the great propensities and properties in the understudies and furthermore survey and assess their learning results effectively (Elliott et al., 2012). Techniques for program conveyance: The program would be conveyed through four fundamental advances. The initial step would include course of action of assets which includes HR just as devices and different assets to finish the program. Besides, the learning procedure would comprise of the successful learning style and strategies. Thirdly, appraisal and assessment of the understudies would be done as a continuation of the learning procedure. In conclusion, follow-up including the de-instructions would be done so as to urge the understudies to fuse the training in their learning (Beronio et al., 2014). The initial step would include the plan of the assets. As expressed by Kieckhefer et al. (2014), the social insurance arrange would initially get ready for the program including a chose gathering of individuals. This gathering would be answerable for different capacities identified with the program beginning from plan of nearby and shared organizations to partake and give assistance in the program. The different lifeless assets including the devices and device required for the learning procedure would be arranged and masterminded. The entire program would be structured and isolated into explicit time length (Caplan, 2013). The second step of the program conveyance would be the most critical piece of the program managing instruction conveyance to the nursing understudy by the instructors. As expressed by Pietrzak et al., (2015), the learning style would include two unique styles. The first is the visual learning style and the subsequent style is alluded to as sensation style. The entire learning procedure would be partitioned into four days training program. In the initial two days visual introduction would be furnished by the teacher alongside the clarification and exhibition of psychological well-being issues. The introduction would include disgrace and effect of emotional well-being in the lives of the individuals; give a diagram of psychological well-being and its outcomes in the life of the wellbeing experts and how to adapt up to the circumstances. As talked about by Rogers Pilgrim (2014), the entire procuring process for the initial two days would be directed inside the preparation room s of the clinical settings. As indicated by Kieckhefer et al. (2014), the learning procedure would likewise include intuitive meetings between the teachers and the understudies. The following two days of the instruction program would comprise of the sensation style of realizing where the hypothetical information would get a shape through functional applications. The understudies during these two days would get the chance to actualize their proof based information into the viable field. As per Meek et al. (2016), the nursing understudies would gain admittance to the patient straightforwardly and they can join their patient focused mind and understand the state of mind of the different patients and their own mental condition managing the patient. In addition, the down to earth learning would assist them with learning the method of adapting to different circumstances (World Health Organization, 2016). The third step, includes the appraisal and assessment of the understudies where the instructors would have the option to comprehend the degree of information and aptitude accumulated by the students. As examined by Noritomi et al. (2014), evaluation not just gives a thought of the learning status of the understudy yet additionally opens a chance to redress the missteps of the understudy. In this program the appraisal

International Social Work

Question: Talk about the International Social Work. Answer: Presentation: The contextual investigation examinations the point of view a lady named Mrs. Maggie Nolan who had been experiencing center life emergency. Social work speculations applied in this investigation will assess the premise of social develop on hypothetical point of view that will be accumulated through the clarification of human conduct and fill in as source forpractice modelsand medicines (Shilling, 2012). Despite what might be expected, there are numerous social work hypotheses that can be considered yet as per the investigation, three contextual investigations will be assessed Systems Theory, Eriksons Theory of Generativity versus Stagnation (PsychosocialDevelopment Theory) and Social Learning Theory (Newman, 2014). Most definitely, it manages the mind boggling framework in human practices. This hypothesis features the interrelationships of impacts of different interrelated system(Staff, 2014). Notwithstanding, for the situation study, Maggie is the person who has been confronting pressure from fill in just as home with the end goal that she isn't had the option to support a charming multi-related condition. Besides, Alfies enduring, Mollys forceful conduct because of bigotry just as Maggies work pressure because of squeezing work cutoff times has been underscoring issues in the interrelationships of various builds. The condition at home and at work is messing up relevant comprehension of the ordinary environment(Nguyen, 2015). In any case, the strategy that can help in tackling the circumstance is the critical thinking technique where the family just as connections are legitimately associated with settling the issue through getting of various arrangements and assessing the working of the arrang ement (Bott, Spillius, 2014). The other technique that can be applied in the hypothesis is psychosocial advancement hypothesis given by the Eriksons hypothesis of Generativity just as Stagnation. The hypothesis features the emotional meltdown of Maggie Nolan where she herself is in a self-question and is confronting unrest because of extreme changes throughout her life. In addition, she has been gave with child rearing duties, as she is a single parent. In any case, Eriksons hypothesis when broke down on case studyemphasizes on the irregularity in the righteousness of dealing with others (Payne, 2014). The present social practice models that can be gainful in investigating the emotional meltdown of Maggie is task-focused also psychological conduct treatment social work practice models (Healy, 2014). On the other hand, the social specialists will either encourage Maggie to settle the issues bit by bit utilizing cutoff times and practices to feel inspired or the social laborer may encourage Maggie to oversee issues by changing the standpoint of the issue before these issues negatively affect Maggie. Then again, the last strategy that applies to this hypothesis is social learning hypothesis in which the learning is done through perception just as impersonation (Staff, 2014). Nonetheless, subsequent to examining the investigation Maggie needs to hear an alternate idea that will assist her with learning proficiency of demonstrated conduct. In any case, this can be accomplished by intellectual treatment just as critical thinking technique where the conceptualizing of potential arrangements will assess the working through another arrangement (Nezu, Nezu, D'Zurilla, 2012). The chose contextual analysis features the noteworthy issue of emotional meltdown looked by Maggie Nolan. The training embraced for the situation study assesses through a lot of rules and guidelines, which should be followed in a legitimate way. The most essential reference in code of morals will feature the crucial purposes of moral practice guided and decided in an appropriate way through which a calling tries (Gantt, Lindstrom Williams, 2016).Under the constitution, AASW needs to keep up the Code of Ethics for the two professionals just as understudies. The code of morals will pass judgment on the practices followed by the social specialist, whichwill help in closing the best arrangements and discoveries. The contextual investigation broke down mirrors the morals code that should be performed utilizing Critical Reflective Practice remembering the diverse worth and morals that underpins the moral social work practice. In addition, the practices attempted ought to give appropriate d irection, standard and center for proficient social work(Australian Association of Social Workers, 2016). Despite what might be expected, for the situation study, dynamic has been given by the schools social laborer Cheryl featuring Mollys forceful conduct keeping in see Maggies concern. In any case, much the same as the contextual investigation it is significant that the social laborer give impressive measure of refection in various types of training so as to unravel the present issues in the present examination. The moral rules of the social work distinguishes eight worth drove great practices yet out of the eight, the two practices that appear to consent to morals for the situation study is deferential, genuine, and truthful(McDougall, 2015). Therefore,practice point of view and practice hypothesis are the two sorts of speculations that accepts social just as useful zones in various circumstances into thought (Murray Schaller, 2016). Be that as it may, the code of ethic can be clarified through utilization of the training hypothesis in the social work contextual investigation of Mrs. Maggie Nolan to dissect the specific circumstances wherein direction is required and can be given. In any case, one significant issue that can be featured for the situation study is the emotional meltdown as Mrs. Maggie Nolan is the just a single answerable for her children just as execution at home and work environment. A large portion of the practices followed for the situation study are established in looking for esteems and following moral practices on at least one arranged speculations of social work (Kadushin, Harkness, 2014). In any case, the social specialist needs to resolve to rehearse those not just shields Mrs. Nolans rights yet in addition gives security just as self-assurance to be treated with deference and poise. These standards need to go along for all situation concentrates with the goal that customer practices are esteemed deserving of moral thought. By the by, all the three qualities whether individual, moral or expert should be empower genuineness and validity while communication. Emotional meltdown looked by Mrs. Maggie Nolan is one of the issues looked in the psychosocial advancement hypothesis that considers to examine the adulthood contrast among generativity and stagnation. In spite of the fact that, Mrs. Nolan has been confronting issues in a cooperative point of view with the end goal that the intelligent practice followed will guarantee answer for the circumstance. Notwithstanding, there are still a few issues that can be raised by the contextual analysis that are moral, individual just as expert worth investigation. These qualities issues face encounter with moral problem when there is discord between close to home just as expert qualities. Be that as it may, the predicaments can be very much assessed dependent on the perplexing idea of the issue. Notwithstanding, while at the same time tuning in and chipping away at a case there are sure things that makes a contention without the stem of acknowledgment (Gonzlez-(Prendes, 2011). Individual worth issues holds struggle against solid convictions that prompts inclinations, mentalities and preference that cause the predicament (Elster, 2015). In addition, social specialist need not to bring their own way of disclosure while cooperating with the customers provided that the social laborer brings ones own issue then Mrs. Nolan may have been impacted. Accordingly, these issues must be guided through choice just as training models that doesn't let the social specialist direct and support ones own intuition on the customer (Dolgoff, Harrington Loewenberg, 2012). Then again, proficient qualities issues can be of more prominent risk when rules, lawful decisions, rules, and guidelines go out to beirrelevant when taking choices to treat the patients (Pope Vasquez, 2016). This can be clarified dependent on the state of Mrs. Nolan, which can represent a genuine clash if the social laborer can't interface course substance to handle application. Nonetheless, guilty pleasure in unjustified practices can prompt inclination choices and infringement of the moral rule. Moral worth issues that can be brought up in the specific examination relying upon the accompanying components. Initially, independence that whether the customer Mrs. Nolan ought to get the administrations or not. The moral guideline is damaged when money related assets, and patient and family inclination is given more significance. Furthermore, loyalty can be one explanation where pledge to various government retreats from the treatment of the customer (Beckett Horner, 2015). Thirdly, the moral rule can be a risk if the reflection made to the customer through the social specialist is considering various activities (Reamer, 2015). In conclusion, when the social laborer if there should arise an occurrence of Mrs. Nolan needed to confront two equalunwelcomed options, which may include a contention of good standards and the lucidity of decision, isn't accessible. References Australian Association of Social Workers. (2016).Australian Association of Social Workers. Recovered 18 August 2016, from https://www.aasw.asn.au/record/thing/1201 Beckett, C., Horner, N. (2015).Essential hypothesis for social work practice. Sage. Bott, E., Spillius, E. B. (2014).Family and informal organization: Roles, standards and outside connections in conventional urban families. Routledge. Dolgoff, R., Harrington, D., Loewenberg, F. M. (2012).Brooks/Cole Empowerment Series: Ethical Decisions for Social Work Practice. Cengage Learning. Elster, J. (2015).Explaining social conduct: More stray pieces for the sociologies. Cambridge University Press. Gantt, E. E., Lindstrom, J. P., Williams, R. N. (2016). The Generality of Theory and the Specificity of Social Behavior: Contrasting Experimental and Hermeneutic Social Science.Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior. Gonzlez-Prendes, A. A. (2011). Discord among individual and expert qualities: Resolution of an eth

What You Do Not Know About Barn Burning Essay Topics May Shock You

What You Do Not Know About Barn Burning Essay Topics May Shock You Thanks to the correct selection of presentation style and a thorough understanding of the goals you wish to accomplish in your essay, there are many categories essay themes may be broken into. If you must compose your whole essay in 1 day, do your very best to give yourself breaks so you don't burn out. Good persuasive essay topics must be persuasive. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics as you need opposing points that you could counter to your own points. All things considered, you can observe that writing a persuasive essay isn't a brain surgery. The thesis gives you a guideline on the best way to go about with writing the essay. Argumentative writings is a particular kind of a paper. At the exact same time, it's an excellent persuasive essay idea. In open-ended essay assignments, deciding on an essay topic gets crucial to the total success of the bit of writing. When you are finished with your essay, you must not merely check it for spelling and grammatical errors, but nevertheless, it also has to be checked for logical fallacies. Remember your essay is about solving problems, therefore a solution ought to be a highlight of the essay. Instead of just immediately writing about your argumentative essay topic, you first have to think about what it is that you're likely to put back on your paper through a procedure of brainstorming and pre-writing. A little general research, like reading a textbook, will allow a student to generate various essay topic suggestions to select from. There are several steps that you should take as a way to write an exceptional essay. So without further ado, below are some effective writing tips to produce your common app essay stick out! Very often it becomes hard to choose one particular topic either due to the many ideas in the student's head, or due to their complete absence. College is an intellectual place so attempt to convince the board that you're the perfect person in their opinion. Students may typically understand the structure with only a brief quantity of instruction. Another reason is to observe how well students argue on various views and demonstrate understanding of th e studied subject. The Hidden Treasure of Barn Burning Essay Topics Sure, with this kind of an enormous selection of topics to pick from, picking just one may be challenging. The purpose isn't just to inform but to offer personal reflection and philosophies throughout the story-telling too. An argumentative paper is part of the persuasion. Understanding how to compose a strong argumentative paper can help you advance your very own argumentative thinking. Young writers may try simple on-line citation generators which are generally at no charge. Second, talk what you shouldn't do instead of what should be carried out. Despite the fact that you're just beginning to compose essays, you shouldn't struggle attempting to produce something to discuss. Remember you may make funny argumentative essays if you do a few things. Characteristics of Barn Burning Essay Topics You may find there's a compelling argument for learning another language after all! Becoming in a position to co mpose a strong argument can help you succeed in society. At the exact same time, detecting cause and effect relationships isn't that easy in regards to the selection of an excellent cause and effect essay topic. Deciding upon the most suitable topic for a persuasive speech can be not such an easy issue to do as it might seem. Categories, essay topics could possibly be divided into. Psychology can give a wealth of interesting matters to discuss. You are a genuine expert in regards to persuasive essay topics. Choosing topics for argumentative essays is essential for your general success. For instance, a sociology professor may offer an overall topic like the effect of poverty in urban environments. In choosing your topic, it's frequently a good notion to start out with a subject which you already have some familiarity with. Having selected a great topic to argue about, at this point you will need to make an argumentative essay outline. The topic has to be interesting, the topic has to be essential and finally the topic has to be informative. From among the persuasive speech topics listed here, pick the one which you are most well-informed about or make sure you've got the time required to research and prepare an all-inclusive speech that covers every facet of the topic.

Essay on International Trade Simulation - 987 Words

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Copyright Laws Protecting Musical And Literary...

In 2015, the United States Copyright Office approved almost 500,000 claims and processed over one million copyright petitions. Copyright law protects authors’ intellectual property rights. The United States legislature has considered intellectual property protection since the Constitution’s penning. As the publishing world changes so do the laws protecting published works. As copyright law changes with time it grows more complex. Consequently, copyright litigation takes place frequently in the United States. Copyright Protection in the United States Intellectual property is a work that an individual or entity creates. This property may include things such as books, music or ideas. Copyright laws protect musical and literary intellectual creations. This applies whether the authors created the pieces for personal, artistic or business applications. Copyright law assigns ownership to a work, which the owner can then license other individuals or entities to use. Intellectual property owners can also decide how others can use their works. An author can choose to allow licensees to; alter and republish the work; only republish the work as it is; or completely sell all rights to a work - in which case the buyer is now has all rights to exploit the work as they please. How Copyright Law Has Evolved Copyright law has its origins in the United States Constitution. To foster socioeconomic advancement in America, the Founding Fathers penned a clause in Article I, Section 8 of theShow MoreRelatedThe Purpose Of Copyright Laws1130 Words   |  5 PagesThe purpose of copyright laws in modern society, as confirmed by Darrell Panethiere (2005) is to protect the creative rights of â€Å"authors, performers, publishers, broadcasters, and many others whose livelihoods depend upon the recognition of rights† (p. 1, par. 1) for their intellectual properties. In the contemporary business world, most companies that sell products of some kind depend on other firms for the design, production, and distribution of the product to make it available for selling. SuchRead MoreCopyrights And Other Legalities. Copyrights Are More Limited1490 Words   |  6 Pages Copyrights and Other Legalities Copyrights are more limited in scope than patents. They protect the original works of authorship, not the ideas they contain. In the United States, original works include literary, drama, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works. A computer program, for example, is considered a literary work and is protected by copyright. A copyright gives its owner the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute the material or perform or display it publicly. HoweverRead MoreCopyright Is Not Protected Under Copyright1509 Words   |  7 PagesCopyright is the exclusive right to copy or reproduce a creative work or to sell certain rights to the work. These rights apply to literary, artistic, dramatic, or musical works in a tangible form. Generally, facts, themes, ideas, most titles, names, catch-phrases and other short-word combinations are not protected under copyright. For a writer, copyright is the exclusive right to the reproduction and use of any creative material. The copyright is originally held by the author*, but these rightsRead MoreThe Copyright Law Of Canada Connected With An Ethical Line Within Music Sharing1672 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper discusses the copyright law in Canada connected with an ethical line in music sharing. Before embarking on the discussion, it is imperative to understand what copyright entails under the umbrella of intellectual property; the latter refers to intangible property, which is entirely a creation of the mind (Alexander Penalver, 2012, p. 188). Copyright is the exclusive right granted to the original author of literary work. In this effect, it prevents other people from using an authorshipRead MoreEssay on Patent Reform Gives Protection for Financial Investements852 Words   |  4 PagesPatent Reform Protection of intellectual property are investments based on acquired knowledge, thought and effort by one or multiple individuals on behalf of themselves, the business they work for when the property is created, and a financial investment. Each of these – acquired knowledge, thought, physical effort, financial investment – have a value that can be attached as it relates the usefulness or importance of the resulting product. That value will have a level of importance to the individual(s)Read MoreCopyright Protection on Internet9657 Words   |  39 PagesBUSINESS COPYRIGHT PROTECTION ON INTERNET (08BS0001781) SECTION-F Contents {text:bookmark-start} INTRODUCTION {text:bookmark-end} {text:bookmark-start} 1.1 About Intellectual Property [1] {text:bookmark-end} It is not material wants that seek ownership, but the ideas, skills and moral aspirations need equal protection. It refers to creations of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce. Intellectual property isRead MoreProtecting Yourself And Your Art : Social Media And The Fight For Ownership993 Words   |  4 Pagesownership In this time and age of fluid copyright in open source platforms social media has created amazing groups of followers, and has increased core exposure for creatives, but with the good comes the adverse: exploitation, degradation and destruction of a creatives’ work and concepts without consultation or concern. â€Å"Copyright† is the exclusive legal right, given to an originator or an assignee to print, publish, perform, film, or record literary, artistic, or musical material, and to authorize othersRead MoreE Commerce : A Great Tool For Promoting Business1497 Words   |  6 Pageswith it in, online business became exposed to a large risks without protecting of its rights. Consequently, the law created to protect the rights such as copyright and/or patents, database laws, trademarks, industrial design law, and trade secret law to protect different types of intellectual property (IP) rights. The question here is, how much the laws can protect their rights, and whether such protection is adequate. Copyrights There will be a number of IP rights which exist in websites. A logoRead MoreIntellectual Property And The Copyright Act Of 19761688 Words   |  7 PagesIntellectual property represents ideas created by minds of humans that require certain rights for their use. Intellectual property gives companies a competitive advantage and attracts the attention of other business partners and investors (Lee, 2016). With such importance, it is necessary for the law to protect these ideas from being used by unauthorized individuals. To shield from this, trade secrets, patents, and copyrights are used to protect the ownership of intellectual property (Legal InformationRead MoreRole of Wto in Protecting Ipr3290 Words   |  14 PagesTrade Organization in Protecting Intellectual Property Rights Authors 1. Satyendra Narayan Singh Assistant Professor GNIT, Greater Noida. Mob. 9654151872 2. Alok Mohan Assistant Professor, RBMI, Greater Noida. Mob. 9717047774 Abstract Now a days protection of Intellectual Property Rights has become a very essential aspect for every country because so many Intellectual Properties are of national interest. Copyright, patents, trademarks

Jose’s Authentic Mexican Restaurant free essay sample

Waiting?Case Study Jose’s Authentic Mexican Restaurant Section1: Introduction Jose’s Authentic Mexican Restaurant is identified by its authentic style in terms of food and environment. It is proud to offer considerate services, and high quality food which makes with qualified fresh materials. So the overall quality of this restaurant is creditable. However, it is not yet perfect. I would say Jose’s has a great potential to be successful after it fixed all its problems, since it has a large number of loyal customers, which can be observed from its prosperity on Friday and Saturday. The problems that Jose’s always have include imperfect location, material supply, and waiting period. Since no recent changes have been mentioned in the article, the problems have always been there. Section2: Problem Statement The problem Jose’s facing is a decrease in tips, from where managers can notice that customers are losing satisfaction and patience. We will write a custom essay sample on Jose’s Authentic Mexican Restaurant or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In other words, patrons are no longer as satisfied as they did before. Section3: Key Factors/Issues First, the location of the restaurant, which is a mature business district, seems to be its advantage. However, limited off-street parking will restrain customers who are just passing by. Second, poor ingredients will affect not only the taste of dishes, it seems they will also irritate and frustrate the cook, and most importantly, extend the preparation time in this case. Third, waiting period, concerning both waiting time and waiting experience, are now the prior concerns for Jose’s performance. Section4: Decision Criteria/Measure of Effectiveness The decision criteria in this case would be the number of customers, average waiting time, and the amount of average tips. From these three measures, Jose’s managers can evaluate how good the restaurant does, and how customers react. Alternatives and Analysis Although there is actually nothing the manager can do about the restaurant’s location, he can still find valuable information in analyzing it. Since we already know that the restaurant is not a convenient spot for new customers to stop by, the manager should pay more attention to retain patrons by maintaining and improving dining experience. Currently, Jose’s superficial problem is that tips are decreasing. It is a dangerous signal, because the next stage will be a decreasing in patrons, which will hurt Jose’s business fundamentally. To retain loyal customers, the restaurant needs to further improve its overall quality. Jose’s needs to ensure that its material suppliers can always provide qualified ingredients on time wilted lettuce and tough meats are not acceptable. I would deem it as a micro supply chain management. Delicious food guarantees Jose’s profitability. Therefore, the failure of this process will make it suffer in terms of overall performance. The solution is obvious: press current supplier for qualified ingredients by applying a punishing plan, or shift to other suppliers who have decent reputation in the industry. When it comes to waiting period, first of all, the restaurant has no separate waiting area. This will definitely worsen waiting experience, especially during busy hours such as Friday and Saturday nights when waiting time could be 45 minutes. In addition, it is intolerable to let customers waiting outside the store for that long. On one hand, it is glad to know that customers are willing to stand there so long to get the foods in Jose’s; On the other hand, customers will remember the anxiety and even anger generated while they are waiting, and may never come back. Then, the article also mentions it does not take reservations. This action is wise when the restaurant is full, but not in usual days. Jose’s should take proper amount of reservations to increase its business. At last, the overly long waiting time may also due to the lack of waiters and cooks, since the owner of the restaurant is also busy helping food preparation sometimes. Mentioned in the article, it could take 20 minutes to prepare a meal during specific time period. To sum up, it takes various efforts to shorten waiting time and improve waiting experience. First, put several benches in and out of the store for those who are waiting, and offer waters for them. Second, make reservations available during common business days to lure more businesses. Third, hire several part-time waiters during busy hours, and another cook if necessary. Section6: Recommendation Visual observation is not a scientific way to find out existing problem. A well-organized customer survey is necessary to determine a business’s weakness. Jose’s survey proves that the problems displayed in previous section are true, so the solutions should work very well. Section7: Plan of Action Referring to the details of the solutions, Jose’s should put 4 benches in and out of the store, foldaway ones preferred. To serve its customers better, it needs 2 more waiters, probably part-time, to deliver water to waiting customers and work more efficient inside the restaurant. Another cook is in need to shorten 20 minutes cooking time during busy hours. Exhibits Pareto Chart of Survey Cause-and-Effect (Fishbone) Diagram

House Of Mirth And Loneliness Essays - The House Of Mirth

House Of Mirth And Loneliness Loneliness is a prevalent theme throughout Edith Wharton's novel, The House of Mirth. The following passage relates to the theme of loneliness and dramatizes Lily Bart's dilemma of poverty: "All she looked on was the same and yet changed. There was a great gulf fixed between today and yesterday. Everything in the past seemed simple, natural, full of daylight-and she was alone in a place of darkness and pollution.-Alone! It was the loneliness that frightened her." (p.142) The passage shows the abrupt loneliness Lily feels since she loses her friends, and it also dramatizes her poverty by enabling her to reach a startling realization about herself. Lily realizes that the loneliness she feels is not due to not having friends or money, but the fact that she had been living a life so poor in purpose or reason. Lily begins to feel lonely after she quickly loses the company of her friends. In the past, she enjoyed a simple life of playing bridge and attending fancy dinners with the wealthy women of high society. But now, her reputation is shattered and she realizes the women in her society are cruel and would not hesitate to talk about her behind her back, "She knew, moreover, that if the ladies at Bellomont permitted themselves to criticize her friends openly, it was a proof that they were not afraid of subjecting her to the same treatment behind her back." (p.125) Lily feels so lonely that she is desperate in rebuilding her reputation, "and the first step in the tedious task was to find out, as soon as possible, on how many of her friends she could count." (p. 217) But without the money and luxuries that her old friends had, Lily finds she has even fewer friends to count on that she thought, making it very difficult to regain her position in high society. Lily's increasing poverty, in addition to the loss of all her old friends continues to make her feel lonely. The painful fact that she owes Gus Trenor nine thousand dollars is a hard blow on Lily. Lily knows she is alone in a terrible position, and feels trapped: "She seemed a stranger to herself, or rather there were two selves in her, the one she had always known, and a new abhorrent being to which it found itself chained." (p. 142) Suddenly she is no longer the strikingly beautiful Lily Bart that everyone attends to, but a poor and lonely woman in a crowded restaurant whose "eyes sought the faces about her, craving a responsive glance, some sign of an intuition of her trouble." (p.290) Lily's feelings of loneliness are heightened when she discovers that she did not inherit her aunt Julia's estate. A large sum of money could easily alleviate most of her worries and loneliness. She knows that if she had money she could pay off all of her debts and maybe go on to win back her friends. That's why her aunt Julia's death is not as shocking as expected; she could use her inheritance to pay off the debts and to finally put an end to the feelings of loneliness caused by them. But after the reading of the will, "Lily stood apart from the general movement, feeling herself for the first time utterly alone." (p. 213) She knows that the women would have accepted her if she had inherited the entire estate, "They were afraid to snub me while they thought I was going to get the money-afterward they scuffled off as if I had the plague." (p.214) Without the money, Lily continues to live alone and helpless. Lily Bart's dilemma of poverty is dramatized when Lily feels a different kind of loneliness, one that leads her to a horrifying self-realization. This new loneliness that she feels is not due to material poverty, but "of deeper empoverishment-of an inner destitution compared to which outward conditions dwindled into insignificance." (p. 306) Being poor made Lily feel lonely, but now she is sickened by the realization that her life quickly passed by without any meaning or substance. While other women married and lived rich lives, or worked for charitable causes like Gerty Farish, "she saw that there had never been a time when she had had any real relation to life...Such a vision of the solidarity of life had never before come to Lily." (p. 306-7) Lily's dilemma of poverty and now this deeper impoverishment is further dramatized when Lily feels moments of happiness before falling asleep at the

Free Essays on Catastrophic Dimensions

Catastrophic Dimensions This essay's intent is to assess the relationship between the anti-Catholic legislation passed by the Irish parliament of 1613-1615 and the emergence of a distinct national identity in early modern Ireland. For almost four centuries, the royal administration in Ireland had distinguished between the Gaelic Irish populations in the hinterlands of Leinster, Munster, Connacht, and Ulster, and the English population in the Pale, that relatively urbanized settlement centered on Dublin, and in the outlying towns and earldoms of Leinster and Munster. The parliament of 1613-1615 gave legal force to a new, equally impermeable cleavage between the two components of the Anglo-Irish(1) colonial community: the Old and New English. The New English were recent Protestant transplants, sent from England by the crown during the sixteenth century to operate the Irish government. The Catholic Old English were natives of Ireland. Descendants of the original twelfth-century Anglo-Norman conquerors, the Old English shared an Anglo-Irish heritage and the common interests shaped by that heritage.(2) By securing the rigorous enforcement of the Oath of Supremacy, the implementation of revenue-generating recusancy fines, the expulsion of all Jesuits and seminary priests from Ireland, and the confiscation of Catholic lands during the parliament of 1613-1615, the New English government systematically excluded the Catholic Old English from political and social influence on the grounds of religion.(3) The interpretation of the Irish government's shift from racial to religious discrimination raises profound historiographical questions, for the attempt to locate this shift in a framework of cause and effect requires the historian to confront the problematic concept of Irish nationalism. This task has provoked significant debate among historians of early modern Ireland. R. F. Foster has interpreted the Irish government's new emphasis on reli... Free Essays on Catastrophic Dimensions Free Essays on Catastrophic Dimensions Catastrophic Dimensions This essay's intent is to assess the relationship between the anti-Catholic legislation passed by the Irish parliament of 1613-1615 and the emergence of a distinct national identity in early modern Ireland. For almost four centuries, the royal administration in Ireland had distinguished between the Gaelic Irish populations in the hinterlands of Leinster, Munster, Connacht, and Ulster, and the English population in the Pale, that relatively urbanized settlement centered on Dublin, and in the outlying towns and earldoms of Leinster and Munster. The parliament of 1613-1615 gave legal force to a new, equally impermeable cleavage between the two components of the Anglo-Irish(1) colonial community: the Old and New English. The New English were recent Protestant transplants, sent from England by the crown during the sixteenth century to operate the Irish government. The Catholic Old English were natives of Ireland. Descendants of the original twelfth-century Anglo-Norman conquerors, the Old English shared an Anglo-Irish heritage and the common interests shaped by that heritage.(2) By securing the rigorous enforcement of the Oath of Supremacy, the implementation of revenue-generating recusancy fines, the expulsion of all Jesuits and seminary priests from Ireland, and the confiscation of Catholic lands during the parliament of 1613-1615, the New English government systematically excluded the Catholic Old English from political and social influence on the grounds of religion.(3) The interpretation of the Irish government's shift from racial to religious discrimination raises profound historiographical questions, for the attempt to locate this shift in a framework of cause and effect requires the historian to confront the problematic concept of Irish nationalism. This task has provoked significant debate among historians of early modern Ireland. R. F. Foster has interpreted the Irish government's new emphasis on reli...

Amy Kollar Anderson painting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Amy Kollar Anderson painting - Essay Example The colors that Amy Kollar Anderson has chosen are interesting because they are mostly red and green. This gives the setting a dark feeling and makes the viewer think that something else is going on in the painting. There seems to be too many leaves on the tree, but perhaps the artists deliberately did this because she wanted to enclose the space above the little girl. The small pieces of the sky that are shown are swirly and made up of colors that do not usually belong with the sky. The designs in the sky appear to be in the form of snakes, and this shape can also be witnessed in the leaves of the tree and also at the base of tree. Maybe the author did not intend to give the viewer a feeling that snakes were hanging from the tree, but that is the first impression that I got from looking at this picture. Moreover, the ground appears to either be made up of rocks or very large snakes. This also spells danger for the girl in the picture, and maybe this is why she has a worried look on her face. I found it interesting that the artist chose not to include any grass in the painting. Grass can be considered as a symbol of peace, and the artist is not trying to convey that message through this painting. I think that the reason why the artist made the little girl’s environment so harsh is so that the viewer would feel sympathy for her. If she had been in a nice pleasant environment, then it would have been hard to understand about her present situation. In fact, the setting of this picture is more important.

Home Depots Nightmarish EXIT from China Assignment

Home Depots Nightmarish EXIT from China - Assignment Example Thirdly, Home Depot wanted to get rid of the distribution network by eliminating middlemen and leverage worldwide supplier network which was hard. Lastly, Home Depot had been suffering from declining profits and only the change of the business model for example e-commerce (Saporta). The Chinese consumers haggle too much when doing their shopping which is unfavorable to the retailer. Furthermore, they do not buy some of the products for instance garage tools because they hire someone to do it for them (Saporta). In addition, Chinese do not shop alone without assistance which required Home Depot to hire and train tradesmen to meet their desired standards. A safe exit strategy from a foreign market would be liquidation because there is no worry about change of control and no negotiations are involved (Cross). From the article, I derived that closing some of the retail slowly is a safe exit strategy. Selling the retail stores to a friendly buyer would also serve as a safe exit strategy because the buyer is known. Lastly, offering an Initial Public Offer (IPO) for it would increase the worth of the company

An Introduction to Genre Theory Essay Example for Free

An Introduction to Genre Theory Essay An Introduction to Genre Theory Daniel Chandler 1. The problem of definition A number of perennial doubts plague genre theory. Are genres really out there in the world, or are they merely the constructions of analysts? Is there a finite taxonomy of genres or are they in principle infinite? Are genres timeless Platonic essences or ephemeral, time-bound entities? Are genres culturebound or transcultural? Should genre analysis be descriptive or proscriptive? (Stam 2000, 14) The word genre comes from the French (and originally Latin) word for kind or class. The term is  widely used in rhetoric, literary theory, media theory, and more recently linguistics, to refer to a distinctive type of text*. Robert Allen notes that for most of its 2,000 years, genre study has been primarily nominological and typological in function. That is to say, it has taken as its principal task the division of the world of literature into types and the naming of those types much as the botanist divides the realm of flora into varieties of plants (Allen 1989, 44). As will be seen, however, the analogy with biological classification into genus and species misleadingly suggests a scientific process. Since classical times literary works have been classified as belonging to general types which were variously defined. In literature the broadest division is between poetry, prose and drama, within which there are further divisions, such as tragedy and comedy within the category of drama. Shakespeare referred satirically to classifications such as tragedy, comedy, history, pastoral, pastoral-comical, historical-pastoral, tragical-historical, tragical-comicalhistorical-pastoral (Hamlet II ii). In The Anatomy of Criticism the formalist literary theorist Northrop Frye (1957) presented certain universal genres and modes  as the key to organizing the entire literary corpus. Contemporary media genres tend to relate more to specific forms than to the universals of tragedy and comedy. Nowadays, films are routinely classified (e. g. in television listings magazines) as thrillers, westerns and so on genres with which every adult in modern society is familiar. So too with television genres such as game shows and sitcoms. Whilst we have names for countless genres in many media, some theorists have argued that there are also many genres (and sub-genres) for which we have no names (Fowler 1989, 216; Wales 1989, 206). Carolyn Miller  suggests that the number of genres in any society depends on the complexity and diversity of society (Miller 1984, in Freedman Medway 1994a, 36). The classification and hierarchical taxonomy of genres is not a neutral and objective procedure. There are no undisputed maps of the system of genres within any medium (though literature may perhaps lay some claim to a loose consensus). Furthermore, there is often considerable theoretical disagreement about the definition of specific genres. A genre is ultimately an abstract conception rather than something that exists empirically in the world,  notes Jane Feuer (1992, 144). One theorists genre may be anothers sub-genre or even super-genre (and indeed what is technique, style, mode, formula or thematic grouping to one may be treated as a genre by another). Themes, at least, seem inadequate as a basis for defining genres since, as David Bordwell notes, any theme may appear in any genre (Bordwell 1989, 147). He asks: Are animation and documentary films genres or modes? Is the filmed play or comedy performance a genre? If tragedy and comedy are genres, perhaps then domestic tragedy or slapstick is a formula. In  passing, he offers a useful inventory of categories used in film criticism, many of which have been accorded the status of genres by various commentators: Grouping by period or country (American films of the 1930s), by director or star or producer or writer or studio, by technical process (Cinemascope films), by cycle (the fallen women films), by series (the 007 movies), by style (German Expressionism), by structure (narrative), by ideology (Reaganite cinema), by venue (drive-in movies), by purpose (home movies), by audience (teenpix), by subject or theme (family film, paranoid-politics movies). (Bordwell 1989, 148) Another film theorist, Robert Stam, also refers to common ways of categorizing films: While some genres are based on story content (the war film), other are borrowed from literature (comedy, melodrama) or from other media (the musical). Some are performer-based (the Astaire-Rogers films) or budget-based (blockbusters), while others are based on artistic status (the art film), racial identity (Black cinema), locat[ion] (the Western) or sexual orientation (Queer cinema). (Stam 2000, 14). Bordwell concludes that one could argue that no set of necessary and sufficient conditions can  mark off genres from other sorts of groupings in ways that all experts or ordinary film-goers would find An Introduction to Genre Theory acceptable (Bordwell 1989, 147). Practitioners and the general public make use of their own genre labels (de facto genres) quite apart from those of academic theorists. We might therefore ask ourselves Whose genre is it anyway? Still further problems with definitional approaches will become apparent in due course. Defining genres may not initially seem particularly problematic but it should already be apparent that it is a theoretical minefield. Robert Stam identifies four key problems with generic labels (in relation to film): extension (the breadth or narrowness of labels); normativism (having preconceived ideas of criteria for genre membership); monolithic definitions (as if an item belonged to only one genre); biologism (a kind of essentialism in which genres are seen as evolving through a standardized life cycle) (Stam 2000, 128129). Conventional definitions of genres tend to be based on the notion that they constitute particular conventions of content (such as themes or settings) and/or form (including structure and style) which  are shared by the texts which are regarded as belonging to them. Alternative characterizations will be discussed in due course. The attempt to define particular genres in terms of necessary and sufficient textual properties is sometimes seen as theoretically attractive but it poses many difficulties. For instance, in the case of films, some seem to be aligned with one genre in content and another genre in form. The film theorist Robert Stam argues that subject matter is the weakest criterion for generic grouping because it fails to take into account how the subject is treated (Stam 2000, 14). Outlining a fundamental problem of  genre identification in relation to films, Andrew Tudor notes the empiricist dilemma: To take a genre such as the western, analyze it, and list its principal characteristics, is to beg the question that we must first isolate the body of films which are westerns. But they can only be isolated on the basis of the principal characteristics which can only be discovered from the films themselves after they have been isolated. (Cited in Gledhill 1985, 59) It is seldom hard to find texts which are exceptions to any given definition of a particular genre. There are no rigid rules of inclusion and exclusion (Gledhill 1985, 60). Genres are not discrete systems, consisting of a fixed number of listable items (ibid. , 64). It is difficult to make clear-cut distinctions between one genre and another: genres overlap, and there are mixed genres (such as comedy-thrillers). 2 Specific genres tend to be easy to recognize intuitively but difficult (if not impossible) to define. Particular features which are characteristic of a genre are not normally unique to it; it is their relative prominence, combination and functions which are distinctive (Neale 1980, 22-3). It is easy to underplay the differences within a genre. Steve Neale declares  that genres are instances of repetition and difference (Neale 1980, 48). He adds that difference is absolutely essential to the economy of genre (ibid. , 50): mere repetition would not attract an audience. Tzvetan Todorov argued that any instance of a genre will be necessarily different (cited in Gledhill 1985, 60). John Hartley notes that the addition of just one film to the Western genre changes that genre as a whole even though the Western in question may display few of the recognized conventions, styles or subject matters traditionally associated with its genre (OSullivan et al. 1994). The issue of difference also  highlights the fact that some genres are looser more open-ended in their conventions or more permeable in their boundaries than others. Texts often exhibit the conventions of more than one genre. John Hartley notes that the same text can belong to different genres in different countries or times (OSullivan et al. 1994, 129). Hybrid genres abound (at least outside theoretical frameworks). Van Leeuwen suggests that the multiple purposes of journalism often lead to generically heterogeneous texts (cited in Fairclough 1995, 88). Norman Fairclough suggests that mixed-genre texts are far from uncommon in the mass media (Fairclough 1995, 89). Some media may encourage more generic diversity: Nicholas Abercrombie notes that since television comes at the audience as a flow of programmes, all with different generic conventions, means that it is more difficult to sustain the purity of the genre in the viewing experience (Abercrombie 1996, 45; his emphasis). Furthermore, in any medium the generic classification of certain texts may be uncertain or subject to dispute. Contemporary theorists tend to describe genres in terms of family resemblances among texts (a notion derived from the philosopher Wittgenstein) rather than definitionally (Swales 1990, 49). An individual text within a genre rarely if ever has all of the characteristic features of the genre (Fowler 1989, 215). The family resemblance approaches involves the theorist illustrating similarities between some of the texts within a genre. However, the family resemblance approach has been criticized on the basis that no choice of a text for illustrative purposes is innocent (David Lodge, cited in Swales 1990, 50), and that such theories can make any text seem to resemble any other one (Swales 1990, 51). In addition to the definitional and family resemblance approach, there is  An Introduction to Genre Theory another approach to describing genres which is based on the psycholinguistic concept of prototypicality. According to this approach, some texts would be widely regarded as being more typical members of a genre than others. According to this approach certain features would identify the extent to which an exemplar is prototypical of a particular genre (Swales 1990, 52). Genres can therefore be seen as fuzzy categories which cannot be defined by necessary and sufficient conditions. How we define a genre depends on our purposes;  the adequacy of our definition in terms of social science at least must surely be related to the light that the exploration sheds on the phenomenon. For instance (and this is a key concern of mine), if we are studying the way in which genre frames the readers interpretation of a text then we would do well to focus on how readers identify genres rather than on theoretical distinctions. Defining genres may be problematic, but even if theorists were to abandon the concept, in everyday life people would continue to categorize texts. John Swales does note that a discourse communitys nomenclature for genres is an  important source of insight (Swales 1990, 54), though like many academic theorists he later adds that such genre names typically need further validation (ibid. , 58). Some genre names would be likely to be more widely-used than others: it would be interesting to investigate the areas of popular consensus and dissensus in relation to the everyday labeling of mass media genres. For Robert Hodge and Gunther Kress, genres only exist in so far as a social group declares and enforces the rules that constitute them (Hodge Kress 1988, 7), though it is debatable to  what extent most of us would be able to formulate explicit rules for the textual genres we use routinely: much of our genre knowledge is likely to be tacit. In relation to film, Andrew Tudor argued that genre is what we collectively believe it to be (though this begs the question about who we are). Robert Allen comments wryly that Tudor even hints that in order to establish what audiences expect a western to be like we might have to ask them (Allen 1989, 47). Swales also alludes to people having repertoires of genres (Swales 1990, 58), which I would argue would also be likely to repay  investigation. However, as David Buckingham notes, there has hardly been any empirical research on the ways in which real audiences might understand genre, or use this understanding in making sense of specific texts (Buckingham 1993, 137). Steve Neale stresses that genres are not systems: they are processes of systematization (Neale 1980, 51; my emphasis; cf. Neale 1995, 463). Traditionally, genres (particularly literary genres) tended to be regarded 3 as fixed forms, but contemporary theory emphasizes that both their forms and functions are dynamic. David Buckingham argues that genre is not simply given by the culture: rather, it is in a constant process of negotiation and change (Buckingham 1993, 137). Nicholas Abercrombie suggests that the boundaries between genres are shifting and becoming more permeable (Abercrombie 1996, 45); Abercrombie is concerned with modern television, which he suggests seems to be engaged in a steady dismantling of genre (ibid. ) which can be attributed in part to economic pressures to pursue new audiences. One may acknowledge the dynamic fluidity of genres without positing the final demise of genre as an interpretive framework. As the generic corpus ceaselessly expands, genres (and the relationships between them) change over time; the conventions of each genre shift, new genres and sub-genres emerge and others are discontinued (though note that certain genres seem particularly long-lasting). Tzvetan Todorov argued that a new genre is always the transformation of one or several old genres (cited in Swales 1990, 36). Each new work within a genre has the potential to influence changes within the genre or perhaps the emergence of new sub-genres (which may later blossom into fully-fledged genres). However, such a perspective tends to highlight the role of authorial experimentation in changing genres and their conventions, whereas it is important to recognize not only the social nature of text production but especially the role of economic and technological factors as well as changing audience preferences. The interaction between genres and media can be seen as one of the forces which contributes to changing genres. Some genres are more powerful than others: they differ in the status which is attributed to them by those who produce texts within them and by their audiences. As Tony Thwaites et al. put it, in the interaction and conflicts among genres we can see the connections between textuality and power (Thwaites et al. 1994, 104). The key genres in institutions which are primary definers (such as news reports in the mass media) help to establish the frameworks within which issues are defined. But genre hierarchies also shift over time, with individual genres constantly gaining and losing different groups of users and relative status. Idealist theoretical approaches to genre which seek to categorize ideal types in terms of essential textual characteristics are ahistorical. As a result of  their dynamic nature as processes, Neale argues that definitions of genre are always historically relative, and therefore historically specific (Neale 1995, 464). Similarly, Boris Tomashevsky insists that no firm logical classification of genres is possible. Their de- An Introduction to Genre Theory marcation is always historical, that is to say, it is correct only for a specific moment of history (cited in Bordwell 1989, 147). Some genres are defined only retrospectively, being unrecognized as such by the original producers and audiences. Genres need to be studied as historical phenomena; a popular focus in  film studies, for instance, has been the evolution of conventions within a genre. Current genres go through phases or cycles of popularity (such as the cycle of disaster films in the 1970s), sometimes becoming dormant for a period rather than disappearing. On-going genres and their conventions themselves change over time. Reviewing evolutionary change in some popular film genres, Andrew Tudor concludes that it has three main characteristics: First, in that innovations are added to an existent corpus rather than replacing redundant elements, it is cumulative. Second, in that  these innovations must be basically consistent with what is already present, it is conservative. Third, in that these processes lead to the crystallization of specialist sub-genres, it involves differentiation. (Tudor 1974, 225-6) Tudor himself is cautious about adopting the biological analogy of evolution, with its implication that only those genres which are well-adapted to their functions survive. Christine Gledhill also notes the danger of essentialism in selecting definitive classic examples towards which earlier examples evolve and after which others decline (Gledhill 1985, 59). The cycles and transformations of genres can nevertheless be seen as a response to political, social and economic conditions. Referring to film, Andrew Tudor notes that a genre defines a moral and social world (Tudor 1974, 180). Indeed, a genre in any medium can be seen as embodying certain values and ideological assumptions. Again in the context of the cinema Susan Hayward argues that genre conventions change according to the ideological climate of the time, contrasting John Wayne westerns with Clint Eastwood as the problematic hero or anti-hero (Hayward 1996, 50). Leo Baudry (cited in Hayward 1996, 162) sees film genres as a barometer of the social and cultural concerns of cinema audiences; Robert Lichter et al. (1991) illustrate how televisual genres reflect the values of the programme-makers. Some commentators see mass media genres from a particular era as reflecting values which were dominant at the time. Ira Konigsberg, for instance, suggests that texts within genres embody the moral values of a culture (Konigsberg 1987, 144-5). And John Fiske asserts that generic conventions embody the crucial ideological concerns of the time in which they are popular 4 (Fiske 1987, 110). However, Steve Neale stresses that genres may also help to shape such values (Neale 1980, 16). Thwaites et al. see the relationship as reciprocal: a genre develops according to social conditions; transformations in genre and texts can influence and reinforce social conditions (Thwaites et al. 1994, 100). Some Marxist commentators see genre as an instrument of social control which reproduces the dominant ideology. Within this perspective, the genre positions the audience in order to naturalize the ideologies which are embedded in the text (Feuer 1992, 145). Bernadette Casey comments that recently, structuralists and feminist theorists, among others, have focused on the way in which generically defined structures may operate to construct particular ideologies and values, and to encourage reassuring and conservative interpretations of a given text (Casey 193, 312). However, reader-oriented commentators have stressed that people are capable of reading against the grain. Thomas and Vivian Sobchack note that in the past popular film-makers, intent on telling a story, were not always aware of the covert psychological and social  subtext of their own films, but add that modern film-makers and their audiences are now more keenly aware of the myth-making accomplished by film genres (Sobchack Sobchack 1980, 245). Genre can reflect a function which in relation to television Horace Newcombe and Paul Hirsch referred to as a cultural forum, in which industry and audience negotiate shared beliefs and values, helping to maintain the social order and assisting it in adapting to change (Feuer 1992, 145). Certainly, genres are far from being ideologically neutral. Sonia Livingstone argues, indeed, that different genres are concerned to establish different world views (Livingstone 1990, 155). Related to the ideological dimension of genres is one modern redefinition in terms of purposes. In relation to writing, Carolyn Miller argues that a rhetorically sound definition of genre must be centered not on the substance or form of discourse but on the action it is used to accomplish (Carolyn Miller 1984, in Freedman Medway 1994a, 24). Following this lead, John Swales declares that the principal criterial feature that turns a collection of communicative  events into a genre is some shared set of communicative purposes (Swales 1990, 46). In relation to the mass media it can be fruitful to consider in relation to genre the purposes not only of the producers of texts but also of those who interpret them (which need not be assumed always to match). A consensus about the primary purposes of some genres (such as news bulletins) and of their readers is probably easier to establish than in relation to others (such as westerns), where the very term purpose sounds too in- An Introduction to Genre Theory strumental. However, uses and gratifications researchers have already conducted investigations into the various functions that the mass media seem to serve for people, and ethnographic studies have offered fruitful insights into this dimension. Miller argues that both in writing and reading within genres we learn purposes appropriate to the genre; in relation to the mass media it could be argued that particular genres develop, frame and legitimate particular concerns, questions and pleasures. Related redefinitions of genre focus more broadly on the relationship between the makers and audiences  of texts (a rhetorical dimension). To varying extents, the formal features of genres establish the relationship between producers and interpreters. Indeed, in relation to mass media texts Andrew Tolson redefines genre as a category which mediates between industry and audience (Tolson 1996, 92). Note that such approaches undermine the definition of genres as purely textual types, which excludes any reference even to intended audiences. A basic model underlying contemporary media theory is a triangular relationship between the text, its producers and its interpreters. From the perspective of many recent commentators, genres first and foremost provide frameworks within which texts are produced and interpreted. Semiotically, a genre can be seen as a shared code between the producers and interpreters of texts included within it. Alastair Fowler goes so far as to suggest that communication is impossible without the agreed codes of genre (Fowler 1989, 216). Within genres, texts embody authorial attempts to position readers using particular modes of address. Gunther Kress observes that: Every genre positions those who participate in  a text of that kind: as interviewer or interviewee, as listener or storyteller, as a reader or a writer, as a person interested in political matters, as someone to be instructed or as someone who instructs; each of these positionings implies different possibilities for response and for action. Each written text provides a reading position for readers, a position constructed by the writer for the ideal reader of the text. (Kress 1988, 107) Thus, embedded within texts are assumptions about the ideal reader, including their attitudes towards the subject matter and often their class, age, gender and ethnicity. Gunther Kress defines a genre as a kind of text that derives its form from the structure of a (frequently repeated) social occasion, with its characteristic participants and their purposes (Kress 1988, 183). An interpretative emphasis on genre as opposed 5 to individual texts can help to remind us of the social nature of the production and interpretation of texts. In relation to film, many modern commentators refer to the commercial and industrial significance of genres. Denis McQuail argues that: The genre may be considered as a practical  device for helping any mass medium to produce consistently and efficiently and to relate its production to the expectations of its customers. Since it is also a practical device for enabling individual media users to plan their choices, it can be considered as a mechanism for ordering the relations between the two main parties to mass communication. (McQuail 1987, 200) Steve Neale observes that genres exist within the context of a set of economic relations and practices, though he adds that genres are not the product of economic factors as such. The conditions provided by the capitalist economy account neither for the existence of the particular genres that have hitherto been produced, nor for the existence of the conventions that constitute them (Neale 1980, 51-2). Economic factors may account for the perpetuation of a profitable genre. Nicholas Abercrombie notes that television producers set out to exploit genre conventions It makes sound economic sense. Sets, properties and costumes can be used over and over again. Teams of stars, writers, directors and technicians can be built up, giving economies of scale (Abercrombie 1996, 43). He adds that genres permit the creation and maintenance of a loyal audience which becomes used to seeing programmes within a genre (ibid. ). Genres can be seen as a means of controlling demand (Neale 1980, 55). The relative stability of genres enables producers to predict audience expectations. Christine Gledhill notes that differences between genres meant different audiences could be identified and catered to This made it easier to standardize and stabilise production (Gledhill 1985, 58). In relation to the mass media, genre is part of the process of targeting different market sectors. Traditionally, literary and film critics in particular have regarded generic texts (by which they mean formulaic texts) as inferior to those which they contend are produced outside a generic framework. Indeed, film theorists frequently refer to popular films as genre films in contrast to non-formula films. Elitist critics reject the generic fiction of the mass media because they are commercial products of popular culture rather than high art. Many harbor the Romantic ideology of the primacy of authorial originality and vision, emphasizing individual style  and artistic self-expression. In this tradition the An Introduction to Genre Theory artist (in any medium) is seen as breaking the mould of convention. For the Italian aesthetician Benedetto Croce (1866-1952), an artistic work was always unique and there could be no artistic genres. More recently, some literary and film theorists have accorded more importance to genre, counteracting the ideology of authorial primacy (or auteurism, as it is known in relation to the emphasis on the director in film). Contemporary theorists tend to emphasize the importance of the semiotic notion of intertextuality: of seeing individual texts in relation to others. Katie Wales notes that genre is an intertextual concept (Wales 1989, 259). John Hartley suggests that we need to understand genre as a property of the relations between texts (OSullivan et al. 1994, 128). And as Tony Thwaites et al. put it, each text is influenced by the generic rules in the way it is put together; the generic rules are reinforced by each text (Thwaites et al. 1994, 100). Roland Barthes (1975) argued that it is in relation to other texts within a genre rather than in relation to lived experience that we make sense of certain  events within a text. There are analogies here with schema theory in psychology, which proposes that we have mental scripts which help us to interpret 6 familiar events in everyday life. John Fiske offers this striking example: A representation of a car chase only makes sense in relation to all the others we have seen after all, we are unlikely to have experienced one in reality, and if we did, we would, according to this model, make sense of it by turning it into another text, which we would also understand intertextually, in terms of what we have seen so often on our screens. There is then a cultural knowledge of the concept car chase that any one text is a prospectus for, and that it used by the viewer to decode it, and by the producer to encode it. (Fiske 1987, 115) In contrast to those of a traditionalist literary bent who tend to present artistic texts as nongeneric, it could be argued that it is impossible to produce texts which bear no relationship whatsoever to established genres. Indeed, Jacques Derrida proposed that a text cannot belong to no genre, it cannot be without a genre. Every text participates in one or several genres, there is no genre-less text  (Derrida 1981, 61). Note *In these notes, words such as text, reader and writer are sometimes used as general terms relating to texts (and so on) in whatever medium is being discussed: no privileging of the written word (graphocentrism) is intended. Whilst it is hard to find an alternative for the word texts, terms such as makers and interpreters are sometimes used here as terms non-specific to particular media instead of the terms writers and readers. 2. Working within genres John Hartley argues that genres are agents of ideological closure they limit the meaning-potential  of a given text (OSullivan et al. 1994, 128). Robert Hodge and Gunther Kress define genres as typical forms of texts which link kinds of producer, consumer, topic, medium, manner and occasion, adding that they control the behavior of producers of such texts, and the expectations of potential consumers (Hodge Kress 1988, 7). Genres can be seen as constituting a kind of tacit contract between authors and readers. From the traditional Romantic perspective, genres are seen as constraining and inhibiting authorial creativity. However, contemporary theorists, even  within literary studies, typically reject this view (e. g. Fowler 1982: 31). Gledhill notes that one perspective on this issue is that some of those who write within a genre work in creative tension with the conventions, attempting a personal inflection of them (Gledhill 1985: 63). From the point of view of the producers of texts within a genre, an advantage of genres is that they can rely on readers already having knowledge and expectations about works within a genre. Fowler comments that the system of generic expectations amounts to a code, by the use of which  (or by departure from which) composition becomes more economical (Fowler 1989: 215). Genres can thus be seen as a kind of shorthand serving to increase the efficiency of communication. They may even function as a means of preventing a text from dissolving into individualism and incomprehensibility (Gledhill 1985: 63). And whilst writing within a genre involves making use of certain given conventions, every work within a genre also involves the invention of some new elements. An Introduction to Genre Theory As for reading within genres, some argue that knowledge of genre conventions leads to passive  consumption of generic texts; others argue that making sense of texts within genres is an active process of constructing meaning (Knight 1994). Genre provides an important frame of reference which helps readers to identify, select and interpret texts. Indeed, in relation to advertisements, Varda Langholz Leymore argues that the sense which viewers make of any single text depends on how it relates to the genre as a whole (Langholz Leymore 1975, ix). Key psychological functions of genre are likely to include those shared by categorization generally such as reducing complexity.

Infinity :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The mathematical notion of infinity can be conceptualized in many different ways. First, as counting by hundreds for the rest of our lives, an endless quantity. It can also be thought of as digging a whole in hell for eternity, negative infinity. The concept I will explore, however, is infinitely smaller quantities, through radioactive decay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Infinity is by definition an indefinitely large quantity. It is hard to grasp the magnitude of such an idea. When we examine infinity further by setting up one-to-one correspondence’s between sets we see a few peculiarities. There are as many natural numbers as even numbers. We also see there are as many natural numbers as multiples of two. This poses the problem of designating the cardinality of the natural numbers. The standard symbol for the cardinality of the natural numbers is o. The set of even natural numbers has the same number of members as the set of natural numbers. The both have the same cardinality o. By transfinite arithmetic we can see this exemplified. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When we add one number to the set of evens, in this case 0 it appears that the bottom set is larger, but when we shift the bottom set over our initial statement is true again. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We again have achieved a one-to-one correspondence with the top row, this proves that the cardinality of both is the same being o. This correspondence leads to the conclusion that o+1=o. When we add two infinite sets together, we also get the sum of infinity; o+o=o.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This being said we can try to find larger sets of infinity. Cantor was able to show that some infinite sets do have cardinality greater than o, given 1. We must compare the irrational numbers to the real numbers to achieve this result. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.142678435 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.293758778 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.383902892 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.563856365 :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No mater which matching system we devise we will always be able to come up with another irrational number that has not been listed. We need only to choose a digit different than the first digit of our first number. Our second digit needs only to be different than the second digit of the second number, this can continue infinitely. Our new number will always differ than one already on the list by one digit.

Impacts of the Current Economic and Financial Crisis on Trade Essay

The current economic and financial crisis is the least the world expects and wishes to happen at this time. Considering the political, social and environmental upheavals happening in almost every continent around the world, people have to face yet another form of crisis that hits them right in the pocket and through their stomachs. Everyone hopes that the economic and financial crisis ebb out soon because of the myriad of other problems and issues the world is confronting. These problems already wreaking havoc in many parts of the world include climate change and the adverse effects it is slowly creating in many risk areas, the political turmoil in the Middle East towards Western Asia where extremism, the oil crisis and militancy are depriving the people their right to peaceful life and secured future. In addition, the threat of nuclear proliferation is again showing its ugly head in countries not exactly known for its civil discretion record and democratic adherence to governance. Henceforth, the global financial crisis is hitting its toll hard on the economy of both the developed and the developing areas. Whatever caused the crisis is something for people of all nations to analyze and give solutions to. There is no other time that a crisis of this magnitude and potential toxic effect on everyone has happened since the great depression in the United States back in the 1930s. Because no one in every developed and developing countries will be spared by this financial and economic tsunami, there is a need for every nation, government, private sector and every concerned citizen of this world to talk to each other, discard their differences and find lasting solution to a turmoil whose long term effects is not so much known let alone the consequences of every possible solutions each economic unit adopts to avoid, control, face or even manage it. Drivers of the economic and financial crisis The financial crisis is believed to be caused by several factors that helped trigger the wave of the meltdown causing more problems and issues to mount creating more havoc along the way. May sectors point to simple greed and irresponsibility in overreaching corporate goals and objectives at the expenses of good governance and ethical conduct? Key corporate executives were known to have concocted various schemes to make money, expanding credit to dangerous limits, creating financial derivatives that are not backed by secure assets giving to market â€Å"balloons† waiting to burst at the prick of the regulatory pin by the government. Banks knew that the symptoms of the crisis appeared when collections on subprime mortgages started to slowdown pinning down the liquidity positions of banks and financial institutions that rely on prompt payments for that all-important shareholder value which banks have to deliver to the stockholders. Such drive for shareholder value gets tempered by the huge compensations and benefits enjoyed by the key executives of Wall Street financial firms. Credit cards transactions substituted for the liquidity that consumers have started to lose. People started to lose homes through foreclosures resulting in more defaults. Borrowers in the market similarly defaulted as well creating a vacuum of bad debts and worthless assets. Accountants and auditors started downgrading, depreciating, and impairing their assets to match the ongoing deterioration in the values of financial resources. While assets were being adjusted for overvaluation, liabilities were being litigated for non-payments and defaults. Stockholders and depositor, fearing the loss of their money to provisions for loan losses and panic withdrawals, withdrew their investments as well and kept them under their pillows until the market conditions stabilize and start to recover. In the meantime, the general sentiments in the market were gloomy, further eroding investor confidence stalling the normal flow of credit money to the business sector. Corporate managers, facing the impact of bankruptcy and tight liquidity, sought government interventions and protection from the economic slide. A number of cunning executives even would create fraudulent transactions to cover up their inability to create profits. Financial scams were discovered along the way, worsening further the already dampened moods in the market. Here, globalization, once taunted as a phenomenon carrying a bunch of opportunities for countries which have erased their boundaries to gain headway in the borderless economies, started to carry the tentacles of the crisis and carried the waves of defaults, unemployment, depression and recession, slackening demand for consumer goods, investments drying up to other countries faster than ever. Immediate and subsequent impacts created by the economic and financial crisis The immediate impacts created by the financial and economic crisis are the loss of investor confidence in a market haunted by bad debts and slow collections, deteriorating values of properties, illiquidity in the market, mergers, consolidations and buyouts, credit squeeze, downsizing of corporate structures, and ultimately bankruptcies for those unable to find workable solutions to the financial mess.   Derivative instruments burst creating a market vacuum that dissipated related derivatives. Money stopped flowing into the credit-hungry manufacturing sector threatening more unemployment and job cuts. Credit card defaults started to create more defaults and payment moratorium and debt restructuring, putting laid off employees in desperate positions for more defaults. Impacts on the developed countries were critical. Luxury and semi-luxury goods suffered a steep slide in demand caused by dampened market outlook and wait-and-see stance. People kept their money while those without started to think about more drastic financial solutions that reflected despair and chaos. Industries such as the automotive, electronics and other luxury players in the market faced an empty market –not much buyers. In the meantime, borrowed funds to sustain the manufacturing sector ballooned to huge levels triggering rush for bailouts from the government. Liquidity has to go back to the economy, but many corporate investments were earlier brought to the developing countries to take advantage of higher returns and assurance of stability in certain self-contained developing markets like China, Malaysia. India, Philippines and Indonesia. These countries were likewise starting to face the prospect of huge repatriation of capital investments back to their home countries already facing the brunt of the category 5 financial storms. On the other hand, the government of the developed countries commenced bailouts and hoped to sustain market demand by creating a gamut of stimulus packages to keep consumer spending going. This was thought to at least confront the depressed market for imported and even local goods. Importers reviewed their orders with many stopping their buying spree from foreign markets, mostly the developing ones. Here, the effects and impact of the crisis started to seep into the doorsteps of the developing countries. On one hand, the repatriation of capital back to the developed countries failed to materialize in the volume as expected due to restrictions and time to liquidate and repatriate. Bankruptcies in the developed countries resulted to more lay offs and retrenchments. Purchasing power for this sector alone dropped significantly and social security and unemployment benefits helped provide buffer to those who lost their jobs. The luckier ones just suffered pay cuts and salary freezes. In the meantime, exports from the developing countries trickled to low levels, dampening as well the manufacturing sector in their areas. Job cuts and lay offs similarly plagued the labor market with already low wages and salaries overtaken by inflationary pressures from the economy. At the social front, workers started to troop to foreign markets not so much affected by the crisis with the hope of repatriating dollar remittances to their families in the developing countries. The scramble for few jobs and the overall depressed employment sector is threatening to spur the rise in criminalities and social unrest. The tourism industry on both sides of the political divide similarly suffered a setback. The maturity of the developed countries focused their efforts on the stimulus packages and bailouts which their governments can very well afford to do so even for the long run crisis that may still affect them. The developing countries, however, already saddled by inflation, poor manufacturing sector, social unrest, insurgencies and the like had to look for new courses of development financial from the IMF, World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and even the Euro market for dole outs, grants and soft loans to soften the critical impact of the slowdown. In some countries, corruption aggravated the already depressed government budgets creating more social and political problems and totally compounding the prospect of early solutions to their issues. Barack Obama, the US President assured the market that bailouts and stimulus packages will be deployed by the government despite branding the crisis as the result of the greet and irresponsibility in the market, his remark given substance by the discovery of huge compensation packages given to Wall Street executives of firms that benefitted from the bailout packages. This infuriated the president who continues to crack the whip to impose discipline and order in the market. While this is being done in the United States, other developed and developing countries have started to address certain cultural solutions to prepare their people on the long-term effects of the scenario.   How and to what extent the crisis has resulted in adverse consequences to the trade and business is staggering and difficult to quantify at this point considering the different impacts and the magnitude that these impacts have on the other aspects of the socio-political and environmental issues. Already, the effects and impacts enumerated are being felt and its end not seen in the immediate future. Economists and everyone else are looking for the signs of recovery that will more or less mitigate the apprehension over the uncertainties looming ahead. Solutions such as the bailouts and stimulus packages are valid concerns but have limited utility to address the big problem. Even trade liberalization can begin to help smoothen the flow to recovery through abolition of restriction and protectionism. But these are not enough. Trade blocks and protectionism might only aggravate the situation.   Certain solutions from the economic and financial sectors might not help much. In fact, they caused the crisis; but definitely, the holistic approach to the measures that will prevent and control the resurgence of another crisis should come from a value-based approach that will address all the impacts created from the perspective of those impacts as well which means a social approach can solve the economic issue, etc. Those in control and have the power and influence to do so should move and talk their way out of the crisis. The ordinary citizen of the world can only do as much at his own level. The gravity of the crisis demands an equally big solution and the willpower to implement it. Conclusion With the economic and financial crisis continuing to create and change the social, political, technological and environmental configuration of the entire world, the civilized world has the responsibility to stabilize the harmful effects and consequences of these events. The trade and business sector has borne the brunt of the crisis both at the local and international fronts. Much of the responsibility to mitigate and reverse the disastrous effects of the crisis rests on the heads of states, their budget experts, the businessmen the private sectors and the general structure of the bureaucracy in response to the distinct kind of measures the market needs to bring discipline, order and sanity to the economy. Capitalism is at the center of this crisis; henceforth, all components that make capitalism work must revisit their strategies, social values and responsibilities, their investment priorities, personal motivations and corporate groupthink syndrome that brought this crisis all along. The solutions will not be easy because decisions will come from most people who helped instigate the crisis at the outset. Here, capitalism will have to reengineer itself, to protect itself from its own malevolence as well as help create a mechanism that will bring the positive and beneficial aspects of its sustainability. Otherwise, capitalism’s and the captains of the industry’s inability to reconfigure and redeem themselves and reverse the adverse consequences that it failed to solve and the factors that were ignored to implement everywhere might just be the key to its own irrelevance in a new form of economy that might emerge from the ashes of its own demise. Reference list (No sources required. Just knowledge of the subject).